Application of LiDAR Differentiation and a Modified Savage–Hutter Model to Analyze Co-Seismic Landslides: A Case Study of the 2024 Noto Earthquake, Japan

This study investigates co-seismic landslides triggered by the 1 January 2024 Mw 7.6 Noto Peninsula earthquake in Japan using LiDAR differentiation and a modified Savage–Hutter model. By analyzing pre- and post-earthquake high-resolution topographic data from 13 landslides in a geologically homogene...

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Main Authors: Christopher Gomez, Danang Sri Hadmoko
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Geosciences
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/15/5/180
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author Christopher Gomez
Danang Sri Hadmoko
author_facet Christopher Gomez
Danang Sri Hadmoko
author_sort Christopher Gomez
collection DOAJ
description This study investigates co-seismic landslides triggered by the 1 January 2024 Mw 7.6 Noto Peninsula earthquake in Japan using LiDAR differentiation and a modified Savage–Hutter model. By analyzing pre- and post-earthquake high-resolution topographic data from 13 landslides in a geologically homogeneous area of the peninsula, we characterized distinct landslide morphologies and dynamic behaviours. Our approach combined static morphological analysis from LiDAR data with simulations of granular flow mechanics to evaluate landslide mobility. Results revealed two distinct landslide types: those with clear erosion-deposition zonation and complex landslides with discontinuous topographic changes. Landslide dimensions followed power-law relationships (H = 7.51L<sup>0.50</sup>, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.765), while simulations demonstrated that internal deformation capability (represented by the μ parameter) significantly influenced runout distances for landslides terminating on low-angle surfaces but had minimal impact on slope-confined movements. These findings highlight the importance of integrating both static topographic parameters and dynamic flow mechanics when assessing co-seismic landslide hazards, particularly for predicting potential runout distances on gentle slopes where human settlements are often located. Our methodology provides a framework for improved landslide susceptibility assessment and disaster risk reduction in seismically active regions.
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spelling doaj-art-feead0898a5645aa975d41f9af7c6fdf2025-08-20T03:14:42ZengMDPI AGGeosciences2076-32632025-05-0115518010.3390/geosciences15050180Application of LiDAR Differentiation and a Modified Savage–Hutter Model to Analyze Co-Seismic Landslides: A Case Study of the 2024 Noto Earthquake, JapanChristopher Gomez0Danang Sri Hadmoko1Laboratory of Sediment Hazards and Disaster Risks, Faculty of Oceanology, Kobe University, Kobe 658-0022, JapanDepartment of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, IndonesiaThis study investigates co-seismic landslides triggered by the 1 January 2024 Mw 7.6 Noto Peninsula earthquake in Japan using LiDAR differentiation and a modified Savage–Hutter model. By analyzing pre- and post-earthquake high-resolution topographic data from 13 landslides in a geologically homogeneous area of the peninsula, we characterized distinct landslide morphologies and dynamic behaviours. Our approach combined static morphological analysis from LiDAR data with simulations of granular flow mechanics to evaluate landslide mobility. Results revealed two distinct landslide types: those with clear erosion-deposition zonation and complex landslides with discontinuous topographic changes. Landslide dimensions followed power-law relationships (H = 7.51L<sup>0.50</sup>, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.765), while simulations demonstrated that internal deformation capability (represented by the μ parameter) significantly influenced runout distances for landslides terminating on low-angle surfaces but had minimal impact on slope-confined movements. These findings highlight the importance of integrating both static topographic parameters and dynamic flow mechanics when assessing co-seismic landslide hazards, particularly for predicting potential runout distances on gentle slopes where human settlements are often located. Our methodology provides a framework for improved landslide susceptibility assessment and disaster risk reduction in seismically active regions.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/15/5/180co-seismic landslidesNoto Peninsula earthquakeLiDAR differentiationSavage–Hutter modelgranular flow mechanicslandslide morphology
spellingShingle Christopher Gomez
Danang Sri Hadmoko
Application of LiDAR Differentiation and a Modified Savage–Hutter Model to Analyze Co-Seismic Landslides: A Case Study of the 2024 Noto Earthquake, Japan
Geosciences
co-seismic landslides
Noto Peninsula earthquake
LiDAR differentiation
Savage–Hutter model
granular flow mechanics
landslide morphology
title Application of LiDAR Differentiation and a Modified Savage–Hutter Model to Analyze Co-Seismic Landslides: A Case Study of the 2024 Noto Earthquake, Japan
title_full Application of LiDAR Differentiation and a Modified Savage–Hutter Model to Analyze Co-Seismic Landslides: A Case Study of the 2024 Noto Earthquake, Japan
title_fullStr Application of LiDAR Differentiation and a Modified Savage–Hutter Model to Analyze Co-Seismic Landslides: A Case Study of the 2024 Noto Earthquake, Japan
title_full_unstemmed Application of LiDAR Differentiation and a Modified Savage–Hutter Model to Analyze Co-Seismic Landslides: A Case Study of the 2024 Noto Earthquake, Japan
title_short Application of LiDAR Differentiation and a Modified Savage–Hutter Model to Analyze Co-Seismic Landslides: A Case Study of the 2024 Noto Earthquake, Japan
title_sort application of lidar differentiation and a modified savage hutter model to analyze co seismic landslides a case study of the 2024 noto earthquake japan
topic co-seismic landslides
Noto Peninsula earthquake
LiDAR differentiation
Savage–Hutter model
granular flow mechanics
landslide morphology
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/15/5/180
work_keys_str_mv AT christophergomez applicationoflidardifferentiationandamodifiedsavagehuttermodeltoanalyzecoseismiclandslidesacasestudyofthe2024notoearthquakejapan
AT danangsrihadmoko applicationoflidardifferentiationandamodifiedsavagehuttermodeltoanalyzecoseismiclandslidesacasestudyofthe2024notoearthquakejapan