Context-Aware Level-Wise Feature Fusion Network with Anomaly Focus for Precise Classification of Incomplete Atypical Femoral Fractures in X-Ray Images
Incomplete Atypical Femoral Fracture (IAFF) is a precursor to Atypical Femoral Fracture (AFF). If untreated, it progresses to a complete fracture, increasing mortality risk. However, due to their small and ambiguous features, IAFFs are often misdiagnosed even by specialists. In this paper, we propos...
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2024-11-01
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| author | Joonho Chang Junwon Lee Doyoung Kwon Jin-Han Lee Minho Lee Sungmoon Jeong Joon-Woo Kim Heechul Jung Chang-Wug Oh |
| author_facet | Joonho Chang Junwon Lee Doyoung Kwon Jin-Han Lee Minho Lee Sungmoon Jeong Joon-Woo Kim Heechul Jung Chang-Wug Oh |
| author_sort | Joonho Chang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Incomplete Atypical Femoral Fracture (IAFF) is a precursor to Atypical Femoral Fracture (AFF). If untreated, it progresses to a complete fracture, increasing mortality risk. However, due to their small and ambiguous features, IAFFs are often misdiagnosed even by specialists. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for accurately classifying IAFFs in X-ray images across various radiographic views. We design a Dual Context-aware Complementary Extractor (DCCE) to capture both the overall femur characteristics and IAFF details with the surrounding context, minimizing information loss. We also develop a Level-wise Perspective-preserving Fusion Network (LPFN) that preserves the perspective of features while integrating them at different levels to enhance model representation and sensitivity by learning complex correlations and features that are difficult to obtain independently. Additionally, we incorporate the Spatial Anomaly Focus Enhancer (SAFE) to emphasize anomalous regions, preventing the model bias toward normal regions, and reducing False Negatives and missed IAFFs. Experimental results show significant improvements across all evaluation metrics, demonstrating high reliability in terms of accuracy (0.931), F1-score (0.9456), and AUROC (0.9692), proving the model’s potential for application in real medical settings. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-feae55d3ef444bf0bd90a5af7019ca49 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2227-7390 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Mathematics |
| spelling | doaj-art-feae55d3ef444bf0bd90a5af7019ca492025-08-20T02:48:00ZengMDPI AGMathematics2227-73902024-11-011222361310.3390/math12223613Context-Aware Level-Wise Feature Fusion Network with Anomaly Focus for Precise Classification of Incomplete Atypical Femoral Fractures in X-Ray ImagesJoonho Chang0Junwon Lee1Doyoung Kwon2Jin-Han Lee3Minho Lee4Sungmoon Jeong5Joon-Woo Kim6Heechul Jung7Chang-Wug Oh8Department of Artificial Intelligence, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Artificial Intelligence, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Artificial Intelligence, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41566, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Artificial Intelligence, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41566, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Artificial Intelligence, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41566, Republic of KoreaIncomplete Atypical Femoral Fracture (IAFF) is a precursor to Atypical Femoral Fracture (AFF). If untreated, it progresses to a complete fracture, increasing mortality risk. However, due to their small and ambiguous features, IAFFs are often misdiagnosed even by specialists. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for accurately classifying IAFFs in X-ray images across various radiographic views. We design a Dual Context-aware Complementary Extractor (DCCE) to capture both the overall femur characteristics and IAFF details with the surrounding context, minimizing information loss. We also develop a Level-wise Perspective-preserving Fusion Network (LPFN) that preserves the perspective of features while integrating them at different levels to enhance model representation and sensitivity by learning complex correlations and features that are difficult to obtain independently. Additionally, we incorporate the Spatial Anomaly Focus Enhancer (SAFE) to emphasize anomalous regions, preventing the model bias toward normal regions, and reducing False Negatives and missed IAFFs. Experimental results show significant improvements across all evaluation metrics, demonstrating high reliability in terms of accuracy (0.931), F1-score (0.9456), and AUROC (0.9692), proving the model’s potential for application in real medical settings.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/12/22/3613Incomplete Atypical Femoral FractureAtypical Femoral FractureX-rayfeature fusionanomaly focustiny lesion |
| spellingShingle | Joonho Chang Junwon Lee Doyoung Kwon Jin-Han Lee Minho Lee Sungmoon Jeong Joon-Woo Kim Heechul Jung Chang-Wug Oh Context-Aware Level-Wise Feature Fusion Network with Anomaly Focus for Precise Classification of Incomplete Atypical Femoral Fractures in X-Ray Images Mathematics Incomplete Atypical Femoral Fracture Atypical Femoral Fracture X-ray feature fusion anomaly focus tiny lesion |
| title | Context-Aware Level-Wise Feature Fusion Network with Anomaly Focus for Precise Classification of Incomplete Atypical Femoral Fractures in X-Ray Images |
| title_full | Context-Aware Level-Wise Feature Fusion Network with Anomaly Focus for Precise Classification of Incomplete Atypical Femoral Fractures in X-Ray Images |
| title_fullStr | Context-Aware Level-Wise Feature Fusion Network with Anomaly Focus for Precise Classification of Incomplete Atypical Femoral Fractures in X-Ray Images |
| title_full_unstemmed | Context-Aware Level-Wise Feature Fusion Network with Anomaly Focus for Precise Classification of Incomplete Atypical Femoral Fractures in X-Ray Images |
| title_short | Context-Aware Level-Wise Feature Fusion Network with Anomaly Focus for Precise Classification of Incomplete Atypical Femoral Fractures in X-Ray Images |
| title_sort | context aware level wise feature fusion network with anomaly focus for precise classification of incomplete atypical femoral fractures in x ray images |
| topic | Incomplete Atypical Femoral Fracture Atypical Femoral Fracture X-ray feature fusion anomaly focus tiny lesion |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/12/22/3613 |
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