Wildlife policy, the food system and One Health: a complex systems analysis of unintended consequences for the prevention of emerging zoonoses in China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Philippines
Introduction Evolving human–wildlife interactions have contributed to emerging zoonoses outbreaks, and pandemic prevention policy for wildlife management and conservation requires enhanced consideration from this perspective. However, the risk of unintended consequences is high. In this study, we ai...
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BMJ Publishing Group
2025-01-01
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| Series: | BMJ Global Health |
| Online Access: | https://gh.bmj.com/content/10/1/e016313.full |
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| author | Zhuoyu Wang Tarra L Penney Mala Ali Mapatano Chloe Clifford Astbury Janielle Clarke Kathleen Chelsea Togño Shital Desai Anastassia Demeshko Russel Aguilar Angran Li Zhilei Shi Cary Wu Marc K Yambayamba Hélène Carabin Valentina De Leon Eduardo Gallo-Cajiao Kirsten Melissa Lee Krishihan Sivapragasam Mary Wiktorowicz |
| author_facet | Zhuoyu Wang Tarra L Penney Mala Ali Mapatano Chloe Clifford Astbury Janielle Clarke Kathleen Chelsea Togño Shital Desai Anastassia Demeshko Russel Aguilar Angran Li Zhilei Shi Cary Wu Marc K Yambayamba Hélène Carabin Valentina De Leon Eduardo Gallo-Cajiao Kirsten Melissa Lee Krishihan Sivapragasam Mary Wiktorowicz |
| author_sort | Zhuoyu Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction Evolving human–wildlife interactions have contributed to emerging zoonoses outbreaks, and pandemic prevention policy for wildlife management and conservation requires enhanced consideration from this perspective. However, the risk of unintended consequences is high. In this study, we aimed to assess how unrecognised complexity and system adaptation can lead to policy failure, and how these dynamics may impact zoonotic spillover risk and food system outcomes.Methodology This study focused on three countries: China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the Philippines. We combined evidence from a rapid literature review with key informant interviews to develop causal loop diagrams (CLDs), a form of systems map representing causal theory about system factors and interconnections. We analysed these CLDs using the ‘fixes that fail’ (FTF) systems archetype, a conceptual tool used to understand and communicate how system adaptation can lead to policy failure. In each country, we situated the FTF in the wider system of disease ecology and food system factors to highlight how zoonotic risk and food system outcomes may be impacted.Results We interviewed 104 participants and reviewed 303 documents. In each country, we identified a case of a policy with the potential to become an FTF: wildlife farming in China, the establishment of a new national park in the DRC, and international conservation agenda-setting in the Philippines. In each country, we highlighted context-specific impacts of the FTF on zoonotic spillover risk and key food system outcomes.Conclusion Our use of systems thinking highlights how system adaptation may undermine prevention policy aims, with a range of unintended consequences for food systems and human, animal and environmental health. A broader application of systems-informed policy design and evaluation could help identify instruments approporiate for the disruption of system traps and improve policy success. A One Health approach may also increase success by supporting collaboration, communication and trust among actors to imporove collective policy action. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fea919d17254458d8b04ab72e79303af |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2059-7908 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | BMJ Publishing Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMJ Global Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-fea919d17254458d8b04ab72e79303af2025-01-15T04:35:14ZengBMJ Publishing GroupBMJ Global Health2059-79082025-01-0110110.1136/bmjgh-2024-016313Wildlife policy, the food system and One Health: a complex systems analysis of unintended consequences for the prevention of emerging zoonoses in China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the PhilippinesZhuoyu Wang0Tarra L Penney1Mala Ali Mapatano2Chloe Clifford Astbury3Janielle Clarke4Kathleen Chelsea Togño5Shital Desai6Anastassia Demeshko7Russel Aguilar8Angran Li9Zhilei Shi10Cary Wu11Marc K Yambayamba12Hélène Carabin13Valentina De Leon14Eduardo Gallo-Cajiao15Kirsten Melissa Lee16Krishihan Sivapragasam17Mary Wiktorowicz188 Department of Sociology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China1 Global Food System & Policy Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada5 School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo1 Global Food System & Policy Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada1 Global Food System & Policy Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada4 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines12 Social and Technological Systems Lab, School of the Arts, Media, Performance & Design, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada1 Global Food System & Policy Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada4 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines6 Center for Applied Social and Economic Research, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China7 Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China9 Department of Sociology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada5 School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo11 Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada1 Global Food System & Policy Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada13 Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Warner College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA1 Global Food System & Policy Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada1 Global Food System & Policy Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada2 Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaIntroduction Evolving human–wildlife interactions have contributed to emerging zoonoses outbreaks, and pandemic prevention policy for wildlife management and conservation requires enhanced consideration from this perspective. However, the risk of unintended consequences is high. In this study, we aimed to assess how unrecognised complexity and system adaptation can lead to policy failure, and how these dynamics may impact zoonotic spillover risk and food system outcomes.Methodology This study focused on three countries: China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the Philippines. We combined evidence from a rapid literature review with key informant interviews to develop causal loop diagrams (CLDs), a form of systems map representing causal theory about system factors and interconnections. We analysed these CLDs using the ‘fixes that fail’ (FTF) systems archetype, a conceptual tool used to understand and communicate how system adaptation can lead to policy failure. In each country, we situated the FTF in the wider system of disease ecology and food system factors to highlight how zoonotic risk and food system outcomes may be impacted.Results We interviewed 104 participants and reviewed 303 documents. In each country, we identified a case of a policy with the potential to become an FTF: wildlife farming in China, the establishment of a new national park in the DRC, and international conservation agenda-setting in the Philippines. In each country, we highlighted context-specific impacts of the FTF on zoonotic spillover risk and key food system outcomes.Conclusion Our use of systems thinking highlights how system adaptation may undermine prevention policy aims, with a range of unintended consequences for food systems and human, animal and environmental health. A broader application of systems-informed policy design and evaluation could help identify instruments approporiate for the disruption of system traps and improve policy success. A One Health approach may also increase success by supporting collaboration, communication and trust among actors to imporove collective policy action.https://gh.bmj.com/content/10/1/e016313.full |
| spellingShingle | Zhuoyu Wang Tarra L Penney Mala Ali Mapatano Chloe Clifford Astbury Janielle Clarke Kathleen Chelsea Togño Shital Desai Anastassia Demeshko Russel Aguilar Angran Li Zhilei Shi Cary Wu Marc K Yambayamba Hélène Carabin Valentina De Leon Eduardo Gallo-Cajiao Kirsten Melissa Lee Krishihan Sivapragasam Mary Wiktorowicz Wildlife policy, the food system and One Health: a complex systems analysis of unintended consequences for the prevention of emerging zoonoses in China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Philippines BMJ Global Health |
| title | Wildlife policy, the food system and One Health: a complex systems analysis of unintended consequences for the prevention of emerging zoonoses in China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Philippines |
| title_full | Wildlife policy, the food system and One Health: a complex systems analysis of unintended consequences for the prevention of emerging zoonoses in China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Philippines |
| title_fullStr | Wildlife policy, the food system and One Health: a complex systems analysis of unintended consequences for the prevention of emerging zoonoses in China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Philippines |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wildlife policy, the food system and One Health: a complex systems analysis of unintended consequences for the prevention of emerging zoonoses in China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Philippines |
| title_short | Wildlife policy, the food system and One Health: a complex systems analysis of unintended consequences for the prevention of emerging zoonoses in China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Philippines |
| title_sort | wildlife policy the food system and one health a complex systems analysis of unintended consequences for the prevention of emerging zoonoses in china the democratic republic of the congo and the philippines |
| url | https://gh.bmj.com/content/10/1/e016313.full |
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