Intrinsic Immune Response of HBV/HDV-Infected Cells and Corresponding Innate (Like) Immune Cell Activation
Infection of hepatitis B (HBV) patients with hepatitis D (HDV) can cause the most severe form of viral hepatitis, leading to liver fibrosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HDV relies on simultaneous infection with HBV for the generation of infectious viral particles. The innate immune...
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MDPI AG
2024-11-01
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| Series: | Livers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4389/4/4/40 |
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| author | Christopher Groth Svea Wupper Gnimah Eva Gnouamozi Katrin Böttcher Adelheid Cerwenka |
| author_facet | Christopher Groth Svea Wupper Gnimah Eva Gnouamozi Katrin Böttcher Adelheid Cerwenka |
| author_sort | Christopher Groth |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Infection of hepatitis B (HBV) patients with hepatitis D (HDV) can cause the most severe form of viral hepatitis, leading to liver fibrosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HDV relies on simultaneous infection with HBV for the generation of infectious viral particles. The innate immune response, which is weakly induced in HBV infection, becomes strongly activated upon HDV co-infection. In HBV/HDV co-infection, the immune system comprises a cell-intrinsic strong IFN response, which leads to the induction of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), the local activation of liver-resident innate immune cells, and additional immune cell recruitment from the blood. Efficient innate immune responses are indispensable for successful viral control and spontaneous viral clearance. Despite this fact, innate immune cell activation can also contribute to adaptive immune cell inhibition and accelerate liver damage in HBV/HDV infection. While the intrinsic IFN response in HDV-infected cells is well characterized, far less is known about the cellular innate immune cell compartment. In this review, we summarize HBV/HDV replication characteristics and decipher the role of innate immune cell subsets in the anti-viral response in HBV/HDV infections. We further review the impact of epigenetic and metabolic changes in infected heptatocytes on the innate anti-viral response. Moreover, we discuss the potential of exploiting the innate immune response for improving vaccination strategies and treatment options, which is also discussed in this review. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fe8caab736c2403dbe8f5798677f2ad9 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2673-4389 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Livers |
| spelling | doaj-art-fe8caab736c2403dbe8f5798677f2ad92025-08-20T02:53:30ZengMDPI AGLivers2673-43892024-11-014456259310.3390/livers4040040Intrinsic Immune Response of HBV/HDV-Infected Cells and Corresponding Innate (Like) Immune Cell ActivationChristopher Groth0Svea Wupper1Gnimah Eva Gnouamozi2Katrin Böttcher3Adelheid Cerwenka4Department of Immunobiochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, GermanyDepartment of Immunobiochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, GermanyDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, GermanySchool of Medicine and Health, Clinical Department for Internal Medicine II, TUM University Hospital, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, GermanyDepartment of Immunobiochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, GermanyInfection of hepatitis B (HBV) patients with hepatitis D (HDV) can cause the most severe form of viral hepatitis, leading to liver fibrosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HDV relies on simultaneous infection with HBV for the generation of infectious viral particles. The innate immune response, which is weakly induced in HBV infection, becomes strongly activated upon HDV co-infection. In HBV/HDV co-infection, the immune system comprises a cell-intrinsic strong IFN response, which leads to the induction of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), the local activation of liver-resident innate immune cells, and additional immune cell recruitment from the blood. Efficient innate immune responses are indispensable for successful viral control and spontaneous viral clearance. Despite this fact, innate immune cell activation can also contribute to adaptive immune cell inhibition and accelerate liver damage in HBV/HDV infection. While the intrinsic IFN response in HDV-infected cells is well characterized, far less is known about the cellular innate immune cell compartment. In this review, we summarize HBV/HDV replication characteristics and decipher the role of innate immune cell subsets in the anti-viral response in HBV/HDV infections. We further review the impact of epigenetic and metabolic changes in infected heptatocytes on the innate anti-viral response. Moreover, we discuss the potential of exploiting the innate immune response for improving vaccination strategies and treatment options, which is also discussed in this review.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4389/4/4/40hepatitis virusHBVHDVinnate immunityNK cellsγδ T cells |
| spellingShingle | Christopher Groth Svea Wupper Gnimah Eva Gnouamozi Katrin Böttcher Adelheid Cerwenka Intrinsic Immune Response of HBV/HDV-Infected Cells and Corresponding Innate (Like) Immune Cell Activation Livers hepatitis virus HBV HDV innate immunity NK cells γδ T cells |
| title | Intrinsic Immune Response of HBV/HDV-Infected Cells and Corresponding Innate (Like) Immune Cell Activation |
| title_full | Intrinsic Immune Response of HBV/HDV-Infected Cells and Corresponding Innate (Like) Immune Cell Activation |
| title_fullStr | Intrinsic Immune Response of HBV/HDV-Infected Cells and Corresponding Innate (Like) Immune Cell Activation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Intrinsic Immune Response of HBV/HDV-Infected Cells and Corresponding Innate (Like) Immune Cell Activation |
| title_short | Intrinsic Immune Response of HBV/HDV-Infected Cells and Corresponding Innate (Like) Immune Cell Activation |
| title_sort | intrinsic immune response of hbv hdv infected cells and corresponding innate like immune cell activation |
| topic | hepatitis virus HBV HDV innate immunity NK cells γδ T cells |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4389/4/4/40 |
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