Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among General Public of India During Post-COVID-19 Second Wave: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey
Background: Evidence suggests that one-third of respondents had a significant psychological impact in the lockdown period of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This indicates a need for longitudinal assessment of the psychological needs of the public to plan holistic interventions. Ai...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Indian Journal of Medical Specialities |
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| Online Access: | https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/injms.injms_103_21 |
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| author | Jyothi Suchitra Mekala Narayana Goruntla Bharathi Nayaka Kavyasree Velpula Raghavendra Biswas Kasturi Viswanathasetty Veerabhadrappa Bhupalam Pradeepkumar |
| author_facet | Jyothi Suchitra Mekala Narayana Goruntla Bharathi Nayaka Kavyasree Velpula Raghavendra Biswas Kasturi Viswanathasetty Veerabhadrappa Bhupalam Pradeepkumar |
| author_sort | Jyothi Suchitra Mekala |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background:
Evidence suggests that one-third of respondents had a significant psychological impact in the lockdown period of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This indicates a need for longitudinal assessment of the psychological needs of the public to plan holistic interventions.
Aim:
To investigate depression, anxiety, and stress (DAS) levels among the general public post-COVID-19 second wave.
Materials and Methods:
A web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among the general public who were aged above 15 years. The data were collected through online mode by providing a link to fill Google Form. The survey tool was disseminated in various messenger groups and social media networks. The survey tool comprises demographics, COVID-19 stressors, and DAS Scale 21 (DASS-21). Multi and Univariate linear regression analysis was used to correlate patient characteristics and COVID-19 stressors with DASS-21 subscales.
Results:
A total of 2515 (males = 1274; females = 1241) people participated in this web-based survey. The mean age of the study respondents was 31.3 ± 13.4 years. The mean scores of depression, anxiety, and stress were 6.8 ± 8.6, 5.0 ± 7.3, and 7.3 ± 8.6, respectively. The majority of the participants are normal in all sub-scales of DASS-21. Very few are experiencing symptoms of severe or extremely severe depression (4.2%, 4.3%), anxiety (3.3%, 6.9%), and stress (3.0%, 2.3%). Geriatrics, females, health-care workers, homemakers/unemployed/retired people, rural residents, and people suffering from co-morbidities have a significant elevation of DAS scores with a P < 0.05.
Conclusion:
Even though most of the respondents are free from the DAS symptoms, few are still (post-COVID-19 second wave) experiencing symptoms of severe or extremely severe DAS subscales. More interview-based and probability sampling future studies are warranted to minimize the biases present in the study. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fe877d68580c4f53b6c47a32eff6d5fb |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0976-2884 0976-2892 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Indian Journal of Medical Specialities |
| spelling | doaj-art-fe877d68580c4f53b6c47a32eff6d5fb2025-08-25T08:38:17ZengWolters Kluwer Medknow PublicationsIndian Journal of Medical Specialities0976-28840976-28922022-04-01132879410.4103/injms.injms_103_21Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among General Public of India During Post-COVID-19 Second Wave: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional SurveyJyothi Suchitra MekalaNarayana GoruntlaBharathi NayakaKavyasree VelpulaRaghavendra BiswasKasturi Viswanathasetty VeerabhadrappaBhupalam PradeepkumarBackground: Evidence suggests that one-third of respondents had a significant psychological impact in the lockdown period of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This indicates a need for longitudinal assessment of the psychological needs of the public to plan holistic interventions. Aim: To investigate depression, anxiety, and stress (DAS) levels among the general public post-COVID-19 second wave. Materials and Methods: A web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among the general public who were aged above 15 years. The data were collected through online mode by providing a link to fill Google Form. The survey tool was disseminated in various messenger groups and social media networks. The survey tool comprises demographics, COVID-19 stressors, and DAS Scale 21 (DASS-21). Multi and Univariate linear regression analysis was used to correlate patient characteristics and COVID-19 stressors with DASS-21 subscales. Results: A total of 2515 (males = 1274; females = 1241) people participated in this web-based survey. The mean age of the study respondents was 31.3 ± 13.4 years. The mean scores of depression, anxiety, and stress were 6.8 ± 8.6, 5.0 ± 7.3, and 7.3 ± 8.6, respectively. The majority of the participants are normal in all sub-scales of DASS-21. Very few are experiencing symptoms of severe or extremely severe depression (4.2%, 4.3%), anxiety (3.3%, 6.9%), and stress (3.0%, 2.3%). Geriatrics, females, health-care workers, homemakers/unemployed/retired people, rural residents, and people suffering from co-morbidities have a significant elevation of DAS scores with a P < 0.05. Conclusion: Even though most of the respondents are free from the DAS symptoms, few are still (post-COVID-19 second wave) experiencing symptoms of severe or extremely severe DAS subscales. More interview-based and probability sampling future studies are warranted to minimize the biases present in the study.https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/injms.injms_103_21coronavirus disease 2019depressionanxietyand stress scale 21publicsevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 |
| spellingShingle | Jyothi Suchitra Mekala Narayana Goruntla Bharathi Nayaka Kavyasree Velpula Raghavendra Biswas Kasturi Viswanathasetty Veerabhadrappa Bhupalam Pradeepkumar Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among General Public of India During Post-COVID-19 Second Wave: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey Indian Journal of Medical Specialities coronavirus disease 2019 depression anxiety and stress scale 21 public severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 |
| title | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among General Public of India During Post-COVID-19 Second Wave: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey |
| title_full | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among General Public of India During Post-COVID-19 Second Wave: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey |
| title_fullStr | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among General Public of India During Post-COVID-19 Second Wave: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey |
| title_full_unstemmed | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among General Public of India During Post-COVID-19 Second Wave: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey |
| title_short | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among General Public of India During Post-COVID-19 Second Wave: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey |
| title_sort | depression anxiety and stress among general public of india during post covid 19 second wave a web based cross sectional survey |
| topic | coronavirus disease 2019 depression anxiety and stress scale 21 public severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 |
| url | https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/injms.injms_103_21 |
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