The impact of malocclusion on the prevalence of pain-related temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review

BackgroundThe connection between occlusion and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) remains a topic of discussion, and current research does not provide a definitive answer. Pain-related TMD are the most common types of TMD. They include myalgia, arthralgia, and headaches attributed to TMD. This system...

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Main Authors: Liliana Szyszka-Sommerfeld, Magdalena Sycińska-Dziarnowska, Karolina Gerreth, Gianrico Spagnuolo, Krzysztof Woźniak, Agata Czajka-Jakubowska
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Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-04-01
Series:Frontiers in Neurology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2025.1550110/full
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author Liliana Szyszka-Sommerfeld
Magdalena Sycińska-Dziarnowska
Karolina Gerreth
Gianrico Spagnuolo
Gianrico Spagnuolo
Krzysztof Woźniak
Agata Czajka-Jakubowska
author_facet Liliana Szyszka-Sommerfeld
Magdalena Sycińska-Dziarnowska
Karolina Gerreth
Gianrico Spagnuolo
Gianrico Spagnuolo
Krzysztof Woźniak
Agata Czajka-Jakubowska
author_sort Liliana Szyszka-Sommerfeld
collection DOAJ
description BackgroundThe connection between occlusion and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) remains a topic of discussion, and current research does not provide a definitive answer. Pain-related TMD are the most common types of TMD. They include myalgia, arthralgia, and headaches attributed to TMD. This systematic review aims to synthesize the current scientific evidence regarding impact of malocclusion on the prevalence of pain-related TMD in individuals under 18 years.MethodsThe study was based on a searching of the PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases. Selection was limited to studies that explored the link between malocclusion and pain-related TMD in young individuals. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to evaluate the quality of the selected research. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. A visual representation of the screening and inclusion processes was created using a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) diagram. The information from the research was then summarized in a descriptive format.ResultsOut of 868 potentially relevant articles initially identified, 13 studies were selected based on the inclusion criteria. The majority of these studies were determined to be of moderate quality, according to the NOS assessment. The certainty of evidence was assessed as low, according to the GRADE approach. Most of the studies showed that malocclusion may be associated with TMD-pain signs/symptoms in children and adolescents. The most frequent relationship was found between the prevalence of pain-related TMD and posterior crossbite, Class II malocclusion, Class III malocclusion, and anterior open bite.ConclusionCertain types of malocclusion may have an impact on the prevalence of some TMD-pain signs and symptoms in young individuals. However, given the limited reliability of existing research and the inconsistencies observed across studies, additional well-structured, long-term investigations are necessary.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42024570950.
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spelling doaj-art-fe7f426984fb40b2926d8739eee3da012025-08-20T01:51:39ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Neurology1664-22952025-04-011610.3389/fneur.2025.15501101550110The impact of malocclusion on the prevalence of pain-related temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic reviewLiliana Szyszka-Sommerfeld0Magdalena Sycińska-Dziarnowska1Karolina Gerreth2Gianrico Spagnuolo3Gianrico Spagnuolo4Krzysztof Woźniak5Agata Czajka-Jakubowska6Laboratory for Propaedeutics of Orthodontics and Facial Congenital Defects, Chair of Maxillofacial Orthopaedics and Orthodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, PolandDepartment of Maxillofacial Orthopaedics and Orthodontics, Chair of Maxillofacial Orthopaedics and Orthodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, PolandDepartment of Risk Group Dentistry, Chair of Pediatric Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, PolandDepartment of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Napoli, ItalySchool of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, TaiwanDepartment of Maxillofacial Orthopaedics and Orthodontics, Chair of Maxillofacial Orthopaedics and Orthodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, PolandDepartment of Orthodontics and Temporomandibular Disorders, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, PolandBackgroundThe connection between occlusion and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) remains a topic of discussion, and current research does not provide a definitive answer. Pain-related TMD are the most common types of TMD. They include myalgia, arthralgia, and headaches attributed to TMD. This systematic review aims to synthesize the current scientific evidence regarding impact of malocclusion on the prevalence of pain-related TMD in individuals under 18 years.MethodsThe study was based on a searching of the PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases. Selection was limited to studies that explored the link between malocclusion and pain-related TMD in young individuals. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to evaluate the quality of the selected research. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. A visual representation of the screening and inclusion processes was created using a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) diagram. The information from the research was then summarized in a descriptive format.ResultsOut of 868 potentially relevant articles initially identified, 13 studies were selected based on the inclusion criteria. The majority of these studies were determined to be of moderate quality, according to the NOS assessment. The certainty of evidence was assessed as low, according to the GRADE approach. Most of the studies showed that malocclusion may be associated with TMD-pain signs/symptoms in children and adolescents. The most frequent relationship was found between the prevalence of pain-related TMD and posterior crossbite, Class II malocclusion, Class III malocclusion, and anterior open bite.ConclusionCertain types of malocclusion may have an impact on the prevalence of some TMD-pain signs and symptoms in young individuals. However, given the limited reliability of existing research and the inconsistencies observed across studies, additional well-structured, long-term investigations are necessary.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42024570950.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2025.1550110/fullmalocclusiontemporomandibular disordersorofacial painpain-related temporomandibular disordersTMD
spellingShingle Liliana Szyszka-Sommerfeld
Magdalena Sycińska-Dziarnowska
Karolina Gerreth
Gianrico Spagnuolo
Gianrico Spagnuolo
Krzysztof Woźniak
Agata Czajka-Jakubowska
The impact of malocclusion on the prevalence of pain-related temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review
Frontiers in Neurology
malocclusion
temporomandibular disorders
orofacial pain
pain-related temporomandibular disorders
TMD
title The impact of malocclusion on the prevalence of pain-related temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review
title_full The impact of malocclusion on the prevalence of pain-related temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review
title_fullStr The impact of malocclusion on the prevalence of pain-related temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review
title_full_unstemmed The impact of malocclusion on the prevalence of pain-related temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review
title_short The impact of malocclusion on the prevalence of pain-related temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review
title_sort impact of malocclusion on the prevalence of pain related temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents a systematic review
topic malocclusion
temporomandibular disorders
orofacial pain
pain-related temporomandibular disorders
TMD
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2025.1550110/full
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