Targeted Delivery of Chlorin-e6-Loaded Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanobiocomposite to Cancer Stem Cells for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy
<b>Background:</b> Globally, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third-most diagnosed cancer among males and the second-most diagnosed cancer among females. In cancer, stem cells are a subset of neoplastic cells capable of tumorigenesis and exhibit properties like normal stem cells. Moreover,...
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MDPI AG
2025-04-01
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| author | Prabhavathi Sundaram Sathish Sundar Dhilip Kumar Heidi Abrahamse |
| author_facet | Prabhavathi Sundaram Sathish Sundar Dhilip Kumar Heidi Abrahamse |
| author_sort | Prabhavathi Sundaram |
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| description | <b>Background:</b> Globally, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third-most diagnosed cancer among males and the second-most diagnosed cancer among females. In cancer, stem cells are a subset of neoplastic cells capable of tumorigenesis and exhibit properties like normal stem cells. Moreover, they are resistant to conventional cancer treatments and can repopulate the tumor following treatment. Cancer cells are stimulated to undergo apoptosis by photodynamic therapy (PDT), which involves a light source, a photosensitizer, and reactive oxygen species. <b>Methods:</b> In this study, colon cancer stem cells were isolated from colon cancer cells and characterized using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence techniques. To treat colon cancer stem cells (CCSCs), single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were coupled with hyaluronic acid (HA) and loaded with chlorin-e6 (Ce6). Nanobiocomposite toxicity was assessed using CCSCs with two fluences of 5 J/cm<sup>2</sup> and 10 J/cm<sup>2</sup>. The cellular changes were observed at 24 and 48 h using microscopy, <b>Results:</b> LDH cytotoxicity assay, and cell death induction by annexin propidium iodide assay. An intracellular analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) detected oxidative stress within CCSCs. <b>Conclusions:</b> Overall, the results showed that the newly synthesized nanobiocomposite enhanced the ability of PDT to act as a photosensitizer carrier and induced cell death in CCSCs. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fe79ba2da1a445168ddf1f5c1cc118ff |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1999-4923 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Pharmaceutics |
| spelling | doaj-art-fe79ba2da1a445168ddf1f5c1cc118ff2025-08-20T02:18:15ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232025-04-0117446910.3390/pharmaceutics17040469Targeted Delivery of Chlorin-e6-Loaded Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanobiocomposite to Cancer Stem Cells for Enhanced Photodynamic TherapyPrabhavathi Sundaram0Sathish Sundar Dhilip Kumar1Heidi Abrahamse2Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South AfricaLaser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South AfricaLaser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa<b>Background:</b> Globally, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third-most diagnosed cancer among males and the second-most diagnosed cancer among females. In cancer, stem cells are a subset of neoplastic cells capable of tumorigenesis and exhibit properties like normal stem cells. Moreover, they are resistant to conventional cancer treatments and can repopulate the tumor following treatment. Cancer cells are stimulated to undergo apoptosis by photodynamic therapy (PDT), which involves a light source, a photosensitizer, and reactive oxygen species. <b>Methods:</b> In this study, colon cancer stem cells were isolated from colon cancer cells and characterized using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence techniques. To treat colon cancer stem cells (CCSCs), single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were coupled with hyaluronic acid (HA) and loaded with chlorin-e6 (Ce6). Nanobiocomposite toxicity was assessed using CCSCs with two fluences of 5 J/cm<sup>2</sup> and 10 J/cm<sup>2</sup>. The cellular changes were observed at 24 and 48 h using microscopy, <b>Results:</b> LDH cytotoxicity assay, and cell death induction by annexin propidium iodide assay. An intracellular analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) detected oxidative stress within CCSCs. <b>Conclusions:</b> Overall, the results showed that the newly synthesized nanobiocomposite enhanced the ability of PDT to act as a photosensitizer carrier and induced cell death in CCSCs.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/17/4/469hyaluronic acidchlorin e6colon cancer stem cellsphotodynamic therapysingle-walled carbon nanotubes |
| spellingShingle | Prabhavathi Sundaram Sathish Sundar Dhilip Kumar Heidi Abrahamse Targeted Delivery of Chlorin-e6-Loaded Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanobiocomposite to Cancer Stem Cells for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy Pharmaceutics hyaluronic acid chlorin e6 colon cancer stem cells photodynamic therapy single-walled carbon nanotubes |
| title | Targeted Delivery of Chlorin-e6-Loaded Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanobiocomposite to Cancer Stem Cells for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy |
| title_full | Targeted Delivery of Chlorin-e6-Loaded Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanobiocomposite to Cancer Stem Cells for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy |
| title_fullStr | Targeted Delivery of Chlorin-e6-Loaded Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanobiocomposite to Cancer Stem Cells for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Targeted Delivery of Chlorin-e6-Loaded Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanobiocomposite to Cancer Stem Cells for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy |
| title_short | Targeted Delivery of Chlorin-e6-Loaded Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanobiocomposite to Cancer Stem Cells for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy |
| title_sort | targeted delivery of chlorin e6 loaded carbon nanotube based nanobiocomposite to cancer stem cells for enhanced photodynamic therapy |
| topic | hyaluronic acid chlorin e6 colon cancer stem cells photodynamic therapy single-walled carbon nanotubes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/17/4/469 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT prabhavathisundaram targeteddeliveryofchlorine6loadedcarbonnanotubebasednanobiocompositetocancerstemcellsforenhancedphotodynamictherapy AT sathishsundardhilipkumar targeteddeliveryofchlorine6loadedcarbonnanotubebasednanobiocompositetocancerstemcellsforenhancedphotodynamictherapy AT heidiabrahamse targeteddeliveryofchlorine6loadedcarbonnanotubebasednanobiocompositetocancerstemcellsforenhancedphotodynamictherapy |