Dopamine and 24-Epibrassinolide Upregulate Root Resilience, Mitigating Lead Stress on Leaf Tissue and Stomatal Performance in Tomato Plants
Soil contamination linked to anthropogenic activities has become a serious environmental problem on a global scale. It is caused by heavy metals, such as lead (Pb). Dopamine (DOP) is a biogenic amine that acts as a neurotransmitter. It is found in plant organs and induces tolerance against abiotic s...
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2025-01-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/1/239 |
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| author | Lohana Ribeiro Prestes Madson Mateus Santos da Silva Sharon Graziela Alves da Silva Maria Andressa Fernandes Gonçalves Bruno Lemos Batista Ivan Becari Viana Allan Klynger da Silva Lobato |
| author_facet | Lohana Ribeiro Prestes Madson Mateus Santos da Silva Sharon Graziela Alves da Silva Maria Andressa Fernandes Gonçalves Bruno Lemos Batista Ivan Becari Viana Allan Klynger da Silva Lobato |
| author_sort | Lohana Ribeiro Prestes |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Soil contamination linked to anthropogenic activities has become a serious environmental problem on a global scale. It is caused by heavy metals, such as lead (Pb). Dopamine (DOP) is a biogenic amine that acts as a neurotransmitter. It is found in plant organs and induces tolerance against abiotic stresses, including contamination. 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) stimulates metabolism, positively impacting flowering and production. This research aimed to evaluate whether EBR and DOP, applied alone or combined, can mitigate the impacts caused by Pb on roots and leaves by measuring root and leaf structures and stomatal behavior. For roots, both plant growth regulators maximized the epidermis, with increases in treatments Pb<sup>2+</sup> − DOP + EBR (45%), Pb<sup>2+</sup> + DOP − EBR (24%), and Pb<sup>2+</sup> + DOP + EBR (36%), when compared with equal treatment without Pb<sup>2+</sup>. To leaves, the tested molecules improved the leaf structures, significantly increasing palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma. Parallelly, stomatal performance was boosted after treatments with EBR and DOP, confirmed by increments in stomatal density. Our study proved that EBR and DOP, alone or combined, mitigated the damages to leaves and roots exposed to Pb stress, but better results were found when EBR was applied alone. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fe6ff52187fe4b0cb262ae9fa7ef9e32 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj-art-fe6ff52187fe4b0cb262ae9fa7ef9e322025-01-24T13:17:18ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952025-01-0115123910.3390/agronomy15010239Dopamine and 24-Epibrassinolide Upregulate Root Resilience, Mitigating Lead Stress on Leaf Tissue and Stomatal Performance in Tomato PlantsLohana Ribeiro Prestes0Madson Mateus Santos da Silva1Sharon Graziela Alves da Silva2Maria Andressa Fernandes Gonçalves3Bruno Lemos Batista4Ivan Becari Viana5Allan Klynger da Silva Lobato6Núcleo de Pesquisa Vegetal Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Paragominas 68627-451, PA, BrazilNúcleo de Pesquisa Vegetal Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Paragominas 68627-451, PA, BrazilNúcleo de Pesquisa Vegetal Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Paragominas 68627-451, PA, BrazilNúcleo de Pesquisa Vegetal Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Paragominas 68627-451, PA, BrazilCentro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André 09280-560, SP, BrazilDepartamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais—Unidade Carangola, Carangola 36800-000, MG, BrazilNúcleo de Pesquisa Vegetal Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Paragominas 68627-451, PA, BrazilSoil contamination linked to anthropogenic activities has become a serious environmental problem on a global scale. It is caused by heavy metals, such as lead (Pb). Dopamine (DOP) is a biogenic amine that acts as a neurotransmitter. It is found in plant organs and induces tolerance against abiotic stresses, including contamination. 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) stimulates metabolism, positively impacting flowering and production. This research aimed to evaluate whether EBR and DOP, applied alone or combined, can mitigate the impacts caused by Pb on roots and leaves by measuring root and leaf structures and stomatal behavior. For roots, both plant growth regulators maximized the epidermis, with increases in treatments Pb<sup>2+</sup> − DOP + EBR (45%), Pb<sup>2+</sup> + DOP − EBR (24%), and Pb<sup>2+</sup> + DOP + EBR (36%), when compared with equal treatment without Pb<sup>2+</sup>. To leaves, the tested molecules improved the leaf structures, significantly increasing palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma. Parallelly, stomatal performance was boosted after treatments with EBR and DOP, confirmed by increments in stomatal density. Our study proved that EBR and DOP, alone or combined, mitigated the damages to leaves and roots exposed to Pb stress, but better results were found when EBR was applied alone.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/1/239anatomical responsesbrassinosteroidsheavy metalsneurotransmitter<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> |
| spellingShingle | Lohana Ribeiro Prestes Madson Mateus Santos da Silva Sharon Graziela Alves da Silva Maria Andressa Fernandes Gonçalves Bruno Lemos Batista Ivan Becari Viana Allan Klynger da Silva Lobato Dopamine and 24-Epibrassinolide Upregulate Root Resilience, Mitigating Lead Stress on Leaf Tissue and Stomatal Performance in Tomato Plants Agronomy anatomical responses brassinosteroids heavy metals neurotransmitter <i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> |
| title | Dopamine and 24-Epibrassinolide Upregulate Root Resilience, Mitigating Lead Stress on Leaf Tissue and Stomatal Performance in Tomato Plants |
| title_full | Dopamine and 24-Epibrassinolide Upregulate Root Resilience, Mitigating Lead Stress on Leaf Tissue and Stomatal Performance in Tomato Plants |
| title_fullStr | Dopamine and 24-Epibrassinolide Upregulate Root Resilience, Mitigating Lead Stress on Leaf Tissue and Stomatal Performance in Tomato Plants |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dopamine and 24-Epibrassinolide Upregulate Root Resilience, Mitigating Lead Stress on Leaf Tissue and Stomatal Performance in Tomato Plants |
| title_short | Dopamine and 24-Epibrassinolide Upregulate Root Resilience, Mitigating Lead Stress on Leaf Tissue and Stomatal Performance in Tomato Plants |
| title_sort | dopamine and 24 epibrassinolide upregulate root resilience mitigating lead stress on leaf tissue and stomatal performance in tomato plants |
| topic | anatomical responses brassinosteroids heavy metals neurotransmitter <i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/1/239 |
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