Anti-Müllerian hormone in PCOS: Molecular regulation and emerging therapeutic strategies
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), a glycoprotein belonging to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily, is a key regulator of ovarian folliculogenesis. Dysregulated AMH expression is a hallmark of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common endocrine and metabolic disorder characterized b...
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Association of Basic Medical Sciences of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Biomolecules & Biomedicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.bjbms.org/ojs/index.php/bjbms/article/view/12070 |
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| author | Yunmei Ke Dan Tang Qin Yang Han Zhao Jinyan Zheng Caifen Zhu |
| author_facet | Yunmei Ke Dan Tang Qin Yang Han Zhao Jinyan Zheng Caifen Zhu |
| author_sort | Yunmei Ke |
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Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), a glycoprotein belonging to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily, is a key regulator of ovarian folliculogenesis. Dysregulated AMH expression is a hallmark of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common endocrine and metabolic disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, anovulation, and polycystic ovarian morphology. Elevated AMH levels in PCOS impair follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) sensitivity, disrupt follicular maturation, and contribute to androgen excess—creating a feedback loop that exacerbates ovarian dysfunction. This review explores the complex regulatory mechanisms governing AMH expression, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational processes. It highlights the interplay between AMH, FSH, and androgen signaling pathways, emphasizing their roles in the pathophysiology of PCOS. Particular attention is given to the downstream SMAD-dependent signaling cascade, which mediates many of AMH’s biological effects. Additionally, we summarize emerging therapeutic strategies targeting AMH signaling, such as AMHR2 (anti-Müllerian hormone receptor type 2) antagonists, GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) antagonists, and aromatase inhibitors. A deeper understanding of AMH regulation and signaling provides critical insights into its role in PCOS progression and supports the development of novel, targeted treatments aimed at alleviating both reproductive and metabolic symptoms.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fe65c6efa76c47e4ad4dbac75ba49946 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2831-0896 2831-090X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | Association of Basic Medical Sciences of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
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| series | Biomolecules & Biomedicine |
| spelling | doaj-art-fe65c6efa76c47e4ad4dbac75ba499462025-08-20T02:17:33ZengAssociation of Basic Medical Sciences of Federation of Bosnia and HerzegovinaBiomolecules & Biomedicine2831-08962831-090X2025-04-0110.17305/bb.2025.12070Anti-Müllerian hormone in PCOS: Molecular regulation and emerging therapeutic strategiesYunmei Ke0Dan Tang1Qin Yang2Han Zhao3Jinyan Zheng4Caifen Zhu5Department of Reproductive Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, ChinaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second People's Hospital of Jinning District, Kunming, Yunnan, ChinaDepartment of Reproductive Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, ChinaDepartment of Reproductive Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, ChinaDepartment of Gynecology, The Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Jinning District, Kunming, Yunnan, ChinaDepartment of Reproductive Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), a glycoprotein belonging to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily, is a key regulator of ovarian folliculogenesis. Dysregulated AMH expression is a hallmark of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common endocrine and metabolic disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, anovulation, and polycystic ovarian morphology. Elevated AMH levels in PCOS impair follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) sensitivity, disrupt follicular maturation, and contribute to androgen excess—creating a feedback loop that exacerbates ovarian dysfunction. This review explores the complex regulatory mechanisms governing AMH expression, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational processes. It highlights the interplay between AMH, FSH, and androgen signaling pathways, emphasizing their roles in the pathophysiology of PCOS. Particular attention is given to the downstream SMAD-dependent signaling cascade, which mediates many of AMH’s biological effects. Additionally, we summarize emerging therapeutic strategies targeting AMH signaling, such as AMHR2 (anti-Müllerian hormone receptor type 2) antagonists, GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) antagonists, and aromatase inhibitors. A deeper understanding of AMH regulation and signaling provides critical insights into its role in PCOS progression and supports the development of novel, targeted treatments aimed at alleviating both reproductive and metabolic symptoms. https://www.bjbms.org/ojs/index.php/bjbms/article/view/12070Polycystic ovary syndromePCOSAnti-Müllerian hormoneAMHregulationSMAD |
| spellingShingle | Yunmei Ke Dan Tang Qin Yang Han Zhao Jinyan Zheng Caifen Zhu Anti-Müllerian hormone in PCOS: Molecular regulation and emerging therapeutic strategies Biomolecules & Biomedicine Polycystic ovary syndrome PCOS Anti-Müllerian hormone AMH regulation SMAD |
| title | Anti-Müllerian hormone in PCOS: Molecular regulation and emerging therapeutic strategies |
| title_full | Anti-Müllerian hormone in PCOS: Molecular regulation and emerging therapeutic strategies |
| title_fullStr | Anti-Müllerian hormone in PCOS: Molecular regulation and emerging therapeutic strategies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Anti-Müllerian hormone in PCOS: Molecular regulation and emerging therapeutic strategies |
| title_short | Anti-Müllerian hormone in PCOS: Molecular regulation and emerging therapeutic strategies |
| title_sort | anti mullerian hormone in pcos molecular regulation and emerging therapeutic strategies |
| topic | Polycystic ovary syndrome PCOS Anti-Müllerian hormone AMH regulation SMAD |
| url | https://www.bjbms.org/ojs/index.php/bjbms/article/view/12070 |
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