De Novo bone metastasis in breast cancer: tumor biology and survival outcomes in a retrospective study from Pakistan

Abstract Purpose Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women, with 20–30% of early-stage patients eventually developing metastases, often in bones. Despite the high incidence, risk factors for de novo bone metastasis are understudied in local populations. Methods This sin...

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Main Authors: Eman Anwar, Aqsa Amjad, Akbar Jaleel Zubairi, Muhammad Maisam Ali, Sana Zeeshan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-07-01
Series:BMC Cancer
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-025-14187-9
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author Eman Anwar
Aqsa Amjad
Akbar Jaleel Zubairi
Muhammad Maisam Ali
Sana Zeeshan
author_facet Eman Anwar
Aqsa Amjad
Akbar Jaleel Zubairi
Muhammad Maisam Ali
Sana Zeeshan
author_sort Eman Anwar
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Purpose Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women, with 20–30% of early-stage patients eventually developing metastases, often in bones. Despite the high incidence, risk factors for de novo bone metastasis are understudied in local populations. Methods This single-center, retrospective study was conducted at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and risk factors were assessed. Patients with de novo bone metastasis were compared to non-stage IV cases using binary univariate and multivariate logistic regression, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results Among 2565 patients, 93 (3.6%) presented with bone only metastasis (BOM) and 135 (5.3%) presented with bone and visceral metastasis together. The median age was 51 years, with females predominating. Multivariate analysis revealed that triple-negative breast carcinoma had lower odds (OR 0.36, 95% CI (0.16–0.79) p < 0.001). Advanced T and N stages and tumor grade II were linked to higher odds of bone-only metastasis. The 2-year overall survival of participants with BOM was 93% (CI: 83.7–97%). Conclusion This study identifies key risk factors that provide the basis for early detection and intervention strategies. While it has a few limitations, these findings can guide future research and inform risk assessment models for more diverse populations.
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spelling doaj-art-fe26cb2bc34b474eaf7f0eec2f0f56962025-08-20T03:03:37ZengBMCBMC Cancer1471-24072025-07-0125111110.1186/s12885-025-14187-9De Novo bone metastasis in breast cancer: tumor biology and survival outcomes in a retrospective study from PakistanEman Anwar0Aqsa Amjad1Akbar Jaleel Zubairi2Muhammad Maisam Ali3Sana Zeeshan4Medical Student, Aga Khan University HospitalMedical Student, Aga Khan University HospitalSection of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University HospitalDivision of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthSection of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University HospitalAbstract Purpose Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women, with 20–30% of early-stage patients eventually developing metastases, often in bones. Despite the high incidence, risk factors for de novo bone metastasis are understudied in local populations. Methods This single-center, retrospective study was conducted at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and risk factors were assessed. Patients with de novo bone metastasis were compared to non-stage IV cases using binary univariate and multivariate logistic regression, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results Among 2565 patients, 93 (3.6%) presented with bone only metastasis (BOM) and 135 (5.3%) presented with bone and visceral metastasis together. The median age was 51 years, with females predominating. Multivariate analysis revealed that triple-negative breast carcinoma had lower odds (OR 0.36, 95% CI (0.16–0.79) p < 0.001). Advanced T and N stages and tumor grade II were linked to higher odds of bone-only metastasis. The 2-year overall survival of participants with BOM was 93% (CI: 83.7–97%). Conclusion This study identifies key risk factors that provide the basis for early detection and intervention strategies. While it has a few limitations, these findings can guide future research and inform risk assessment models for more diverse populations.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-025-14187-9Breast cancerBone metastasisStage IVOverall survival
spellingShingle Eman Anwar
Aqsa Amjad
Akbar Jaleel Zubairi
Muhammad Maisam Ali
Sana Zeeshan
De Novo bone metastasis in breast cancer: tumor biology and survival outcomes in a retrospective study from Pakistan
BMC Cancer
Breast cancer
Bone metastasis
Stage IV
Overall survival
title De Novo bone metastasis in breast cancer: tumor biology and survival outcomes in a retrospective study from Pakistan
title_full De Novo bone metastasis in breast cancer: tumor biology and survival outcomes in a retrospective study from Pakistan
title_fullStr De Novo bone metastasis in breast cancer: tumor biology and survival outcomes in a retrospective study from Pakistan
title_full_unstemmed De Novo bone metastasis in breast cancer: tumor biology and survival outcomes in a retrospective study from Pakistan
title_short De Novo bone metastasis in breast cancer: tumor biology and survival outcomes in a retrospective study from Pakistan
title_sort de novo bone metastasis in breast cancer tumor biology and survival outcomes in a retrospective study from pakistan
topic Breast cancer
Bone metastasis
Stage IV
Overall survival
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-025-14187-9
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