Asymmetrical Time-Lagged Response of Vegetation to Drought and Extreme Precipitation Across China
In this study, a study area was chosen in China to analyze the lagged response relationship between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and extreme precipitation/drought from 1982 to 2015. A logistical function was applied to explain the increase in NDVI with mean annual precipitation in n...
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MDPI AG
2025-02-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/16/3/240 |
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| author | Wenli Lai Yongxiang Chen Jie Zhang Huai Yang |
| author_facet | Wenli Lai Yongxiang Chen Jie Zhang Huai Yang |
| author_sort | Wenli Lai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, a study area was chosen in China to analyze the lagged response relationship between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and extreme precipitation/drought from 1982 to 2015. A logistical function was applied to explain the increase in NDVI with mean annual precipitation in nine sub-regions, and the inflection point of precipitation was found to be very close to the threshold value for separating arid or humid regions. NDVI had a strong positive correlation with drought and extreme precipitation in the arid regions, while in humid regions, it presented a strong correlation with drought during 2000–2015; however, a weak correlation with drought was found before the 21st century. In this study, we quantified the time-lagged response of vegetation to drought (LTRD) and extreme precipitation (LTREP). Then, we defined four gradients (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>L</mi><mi>T</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>P</mi></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>L</mi><mi>T</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>L</mi><mi>T</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>E</mi><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>P</mi></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>L</mi><mi>T</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>E</mi><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) to quantify the precipitation and temperature gradients with the lag-time response to drought or extreme precipitation, respectively. Decreasing gradients were observed for humid regions with <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>L</mi><mi>T</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>P</mi></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> = −0.19 month·100 mm<sup>−1</sup> for “wetting” and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>L</mi><mi>T</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> = −0.13 month·K<sup>−1</sup> for “warming”, while increasing gradients were found in the same regions with <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>L</mi><mi>T</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>E</mi><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>P</mi></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> = +0.18 month·100 mm<sup>−1</sup> for “wetting” and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>L</mi><mi>T</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>E</mi><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> = +0.14 month·K<sup>−1</sup> for “warming”. These results suggest that the lagging responses of vegetation to extreme precipitation and droughts exhibit opposing regional patterns across China. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fe0390964cbb4d56abc1225069fc3ed7 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj-art-fe0390964cbb4d56abc1225069fc3ed72025-08-20T02:11:21ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332025-02-0116324010.3390/atmos16030240Asymmetrical Time-Lagged Response of Vegetation to Drought and Extreme Precipitation Across ChinaWenli Lai0Yongxiang Chen1Jie Zhang2Huai Yang3Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Environmental Change of Tropical Islands, Haikou 571158, ChinaKey Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Environmental Change of Tropical Islands, Haikou 571158, ChinaKey Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, ChinaInstitute of Tropical Bamboo, Rattan & Flower, Sanya Research Base, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Sanya 572000, ChinaIn this study, a study area was chosen in China to analyze the lagged response relationship between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and extreme precipitation/drought from 1982 to 2015. A logistical function was applied to explain the increase in NDVI with mean annual precipitation in nine sub-regions, and the inflection point of precipitation was found to be very close to the threshold value for separating arid or humid regions. NDVI had a strong positive correlation with drought and extreme precipitation in the arid regions, while in humid regions, it presented a strong correlation with drought during 2000–2015; however, a weak correlation with drought was found before the 21st century. In this study, we quantified the time-lagged response of vegetation to drought (LTRD) and extreme precipitation (LTREP). Then, we defined four gradients (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>L</mi><mi>T</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>P</mi></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>L</mi><mi>T</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>L</mi><mi>T</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>E</mi><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>P</mi></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>L</mi><mi>T</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>E</mi><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) to quantify the precipitation and temperature gradients with the lag-time response to drought or extreme precipitation, respectively. Decreasing gradients were observed for humid regions with <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>L</mi><mi>T</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>P</mi></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> = −0.19 month·100 mm<sup>−1</sup> for “wetting” and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>L</mi><mi>T</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> = −0.13 month·K<sup>−1</sup> for “warming”, while increasing gradients were found in the same regions with <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>L</mi><mi>T</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>E</mi><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>P</mi></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> = +0.18 month·100 mm<sup>−1</sup> for “wetting” and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>L</mi><mi>T</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>E</mi><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> = +0.14 month·K<sup>−1</sup> for “warming”. These results suggest that the lagging responses of vegetation to extreme precipitation and droughts exhibit opposing regional patterns across China.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/16/3/240time-lagged responsedroughtextreme precipitationNDVIChina |
| spellingShingle | Wenli Lai Yongxiang Chen Jie Zhang Huai Yang Asymmetrical Time-Lagged Response of Vegetation to Drought and Extreme Precipitation Across China Atmosphere time-lagged response drought extreme precipitation NDVI China |
| title | Asymmetrical Time-Lagged Response of Vegetation to Drought and Extreme Precipitation Across China |
| title_full | Asymmetrical Time-Lagged Response of Vegetation to Drought and Extreme Precipitation Across China |
| title_fullStr | Asymmetrical Time-Lagged Response of Vegetation to Drought and Extreme Precipitation Across China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Asymmetrical Time-Lagged Response of Vegetation to Drought and Extreme Precipitation Across China |
| title_short | Asymmetrical Time-Lagged Response of Vegetation to Drought and Extreme Precipitation Across China |
| title_sort | asymmetrical time lagged response of vegetation to drought and extreme precipitation across china |
| topic | time-lagged response drought extreme precipitation NDVI China |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/16/3/240 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT wenlilai asymmetricaltimelaggedresponseofvegetationtodroughtandextremeprecipitationacrosschina AT yongxiangchen asymmetricaltimelaggedresponseofvegetationtodroughtandextremeprecipitationacrosschina AT jiezhang asymmetricaltimelaggedresponseofvegetationtodroughtandextremeprecipitationacrosschina AT huaiyang asymmetricaltimelaggedresponseofvegetationtodroughtandextremeprecipitationacrosschina |