Single-Shot, Monochrome, Spatial Pixel-Encoded, Structured Light System for Determining Surface Orientations
This study introduces a technique for determining surface orientations by projecting a monochrome, spatial pixel-encoded pattern and calculating the surface normals from single-shot measurement. Our method differs from traditional methods, such as shape from shading and shape from texture, in that i...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2024-11-01
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| Series: | Photonics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/11/11/1046 |
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| author | Ahsan Elahi Qidan Zhu Jun Lu Umer Farooq Ghulam Farid Muhammad Bilal Yong Li |
| author_facet | Ahsan Elahi Qidan Zhu Jun Lu Umer Farooq Ghulam Farid Muhammad Bilal Yong Li |
| author_sort | Ahsan Elahi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study introduces a technique for determining surface orientations by projecting a monochrome, spatial pixel-encoded pattern and calculating the surface normals from single-shot measurement. Our method differs from traditional methods, such as shape from shading and shape from texture, in that it does not require relating the local surface orientations of adjacent points. We propose a multi-resolution system incorporating symbols varying in sizes from 8 × 8, 10 × 10, 12 × 12, 14 × 14, and 16 × 16 pixels. Compared to previous methods, we have achieved a denser reconstruction and obtained a 5.2 mm resolution using an 8 × 8 pattern at a depth of 110 cm. Unlike previous methods, which used local point orientations of grid intersection and multiple colors, we have used the monochrome pattern and deterministic centroid positions to compute the unit vector or direction vector between the neighboring symbols. The light plane intersections are used to calculate the tangent vectors on the surface. Surface normals are determined by the cross-product of two tangent vectors on the surface. A real experiment was conducted to measure simple plane surfaces, circular surfaces, and complex sculptures. The results show that the process of calculating surface normals is fast and reliable, and we have computed 1654 surface normals in 29.4 milliseconds for complex surfaces such as sculptures. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fdf6672b4e48431794e23d33fe014fa9 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2304-6732 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Photonics |
| spelling | doaj-art-fdf6672b4e48431794e23d33fe014fa92025-08-20T02:27:35ZengMDPI AGPhotonics2304-67322024-11-011111104610.3390/photonics11111046Single-Shot, Monochrome, Spatial Pixel-Encoded, Structured Light System for Determining Surface OrientationsAhsan Elahi0Qidan Zhu1Jun Lu2Umer Farooq3Ghulam Farid4Muhammad Bilal5Yong Li6College of Intelligent Systems, Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, ChinaCollege of Intelligent Systems, Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, ChinaCollege of Intelligent Systems, Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, ChinaCollege of Mathematical Sciences, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, ChinaCollege of Intelligent Systems, Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, ChinaCollege of Intelligent Systems, Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, ChinaCollege of Intelligent Systems, Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, ChinaThis study introduces a technique for determining surface orientations by projecting a monochrome, spatial pixel-encoded pattern and calculating the surface normals from single-shot measurement. Our method differs from traditional methods, such as shape from shading and shape from texture, in that it does not require relating the local surface orientations of adjacent points. We propose a multi-resolution system incorporating symbols varying in sizes from 8 × 8, 10 × 10, 12 × 12, 14 × 14, and 16 × 16 pixels. Compared to previous methods, we have achieved a denser reconstruction and obtained a 5.2 mm resolution using an 8 × 8 pattern at a depth of 110 cm. Unlike previous methods, which used local point orientations of grid intersection and multiple colors, we have used the monochrome pattern and deterministic centroid positions to compute the unit vector or direction vector between the neighboring symbols. The light plane intersections are used to calculate the tangent vectors on the surface. Surface normals are determined by the cross-product of two tangent vectors on the surface. A real experiment was conducted to measure simple plane surfaces, circular surfaces, and complex sculptures. The results show that the process of calculating surface normals is fast and reliable, and we have computed 1654 surface normals in 29.4 milliseconds for complex surfaces such as sculptures.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/11/11/10463D measurementM-arrayspixel-encodedrobust pseudo-random sequenceplanar intersectionsingle-shot |
| spellingShingle | Ahsan Elahi Qidan Zhu Jun Lu Umer Farooq Ghulam Farid Muhammad Bilal Yong Li Single-Shot, Monochrome, Spatial Pixel-Encoded, Structured Light System for Determining Surface Orientations Photonics 3D measurement M-arrays pixel-encoded robust pseudo-random sequence planar intersection single-shot |
| title | Single-Shot, Monochrome, Spatial Pixel-Encoded, Structured Light System for Determining Surface Orientations |
| title_full | Single-Shot, Monochrome, Spatial Pixel-Encoded, Structured Light System for Determining Surface Orientations |
| title_fullStr | Single-Shot, Monochrome, Spatial Pixel-Encoded, Structured Light System for Determining Surface Orientations |
| title_full_unstemmed | Single-Shot, Monochrome, Spatial Pixel-Encoded, Structured Light System for Determining Surface Orientations |
| title_short | Single-Shot, Monochrome, Spatial Pixel-Encoded, Structured Light System for Determining Surface Orientations |
| title_sort | single shot monochrome spatial pixel encoded structured light system for determining surface orientations |
| topic | 3D measurement M-arrays pixel-encoded robust pseudo-random sequence planar intersection single-shot |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/11/11/1046 |
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