Quality of Plywood Bonded with Nanolignin-Enriched Cardanol-Formaldehyde Adhesive
Cardanol is a derivative of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) and has the potential to be used when developing adhesives for wood boards. Adding nanostructures to adhesive can increase its bonding and reduce formaldehyde emission. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the different concentrations of...
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| author | Maria Rita Ramos Magalhães Felipe Gomes Batista Ana Carolina Corrêa Furtini Mário Vanoli Scatolino Flávia Maria Silva Brito Lourival Marin Mendes Thiago de Paula Protásio José Benedito Guimarães Junior |
| author_facet | Maria Rita Ramos Magalhães Felipe Gomes Batista Ana Carolina Corrêa Furtini Mário Vanoli Scatolino Flávia Maria Silva Brito Lourival Marin Mendes Thiago de Paula Protásio José Benedito Guimarães Junior |
| author_sort | Maria Rita Ramos Magalhães |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cardanol is a derivative of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) and has the potential to be used when developing adhesives for wood boards. Adding nanostructures to adhesive can increase its bonding and reduce formaldehyde emission. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the different concentrations of nanolignin (1, 2, and 3%) added to the cardanol-formaldehyde adhesive for gluing plywood, in comparison to the cardanol-formaldehyde adhesive without nanolignin (0%). The plywood’s physical, mechanical, and formaldehyde emission properties were assessed. Plywoods with nanolignin showed shear strength increases of around 160% in the wet condition. With the addition of nanolignin, the modulus of rupture and of elasticity increased by approximately 150% and up to 400% in the parallel direction, respectively. The resistance to combustion also significantly improved. Physical properties did not show statistically significant differences with the percentages of nanolignin. Despite the increase in formaldehyde emission with nanolignin, all treatments met the marketing requirements (≤80 mg of formaldehyde/kg), demonstrating the adhesive potential for indoor use in plywood industries. Natural adhesives using cardanol and nanolignin are an innovative and ecological alternative, combining sustainability and high potential to reduce environmental impacts, which is aligned with at least four sustainable development goals (SDGs). |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fdd049d804f74edcb2bb66fbeb3301fb |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2079-6439 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
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| series | Fibers |
| spelling | doaj-art-fdd049d804f74edcb2bb66fbeb3301fb2025-08-20T02:45:56ZengMDPI AGFibers2079-64392025-07-011379510.3390/fib13070095Quality of Plywood Bonded with Nanolignin-Enriched Cardanol-Formaldehyde AdhesiveMaria Rita Ramos Magalhães0Felipe Gomes Batista1Ana Carolina Corrêa Furtini2Mário Vanoli Scatolino3Flávia Maria Silva Brito4Lourival Marin Mendes5Thiago de Paula Protásio6José Benedito Guimarães Junior7Department of Forest Science, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, MG, BrazilDepartment of Forest Science, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, MG, BrazilDepartment of Forest Science, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, MG, BrazilCollegiate of Forest Engineering, State University of Amapá (UEAP), Macapá 68900-070, AP, BrazilDepartment of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, BrazilDepartment of Forest Science, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, MG, BrazilDepartment of Forest Science, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, MG, BrazilDepartment of Forest Science, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, MG, BrazilCardanol is a derivative of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) and has the potential to be used when developing adhesives for wood boards. Adding nanostructures to adhesive can increase its bonding and reduce formaldehyde emission. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the different concentrations of nanolignin (1, 2, and 3%) added to the cardanol-formaldehyde adhesive for gluing plywood, in comparison to the cardanol-formaldehyde adhesive without nanolignin (0%). The plywood’s physical, mechanical, and formaldehyde emission properties were assessed. Plywoods with nanolignin showed shear strength increases of around 160% in the wet condition. With the addition of nanolignin, the modulus of rupture and of elasticity increased by approximately 150% and up to 400% in the parallel direction, respectively. The resistance to combustion also significantly improved. Physical properties did not show statistically significant differences with the percentages of nanolignin. Despite the increase in formaldehyde emission with nanolignin, all treatments met the marketing requirements (≤80 mg of formaldehyde/kg), demonstrating the adhesive potential for indoor use in plywood industries. Natural adhesives using cardanol and nanolignin are an innovative and ecological alternative, combining sustainability and high potential to reduce environmental impacts, which is aligned with at least four sustainable development goals (SDGs).https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6439/13/7/95wood boardsnanotechnologyfree formaldehydenatural adhesives |
| spellingShingle | Maria Rita Ramos Magalhães Felipe Gomes Batista Ana Carolina Corrêa Furtini Mário Vanoli Scatolino Flávia Maria Silva Brito Lourival Marin Mendes Thiago de Paula Protásio José Benedito Guimarães Junior Quality of Plywood Bonded with Nanolignin-Enriched Cardanol-Formaldehyde Adhesive Fibers wood boards nanotechnology free formaldehyde natural adhesives |
| title | Quality of Plywood Bonded with Nanolignin-Enriched Cardanol-Formaldehyde Adhesive |
| title_full | Quality of Plywood Bonded with Nanolignin-Enriched Cardanol-Formaldehyde Adhesive |
| title_fullStr | Quality of Plywood Bonded with Nanolignin-Enriched Cardanol-Formaldehyde Adhesive |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quality of Plywood Bonded with Nanolignin-Enriched Cardanol-Formaldehyde Adhesive |
| title_short | Quality of Plywood Bonded with Nanolignin-Enriched Cardanol-Formaldehyde Adhesive |
| title_sort | quality of plywood bonded with nanolignin enriched cardanol formaldehyde adhesive |
| topic | wood boards nanotechnology free formaldehyde natural adhesives |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6439/13/7/95 |
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