Climate and human activities alter coupling of soil macro- and micronutrients: Evidence from a long-term experiment in typical steppes

Soil nutrients are essential for ecosystem function and food production. However, the long-term dynamics and ecological drivers of soil macro- and microelements, as well as their relationships, remain virtually unknown, especially in varying precipitation contexts. Here, we conducted a long-term exp...

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Main Authors: Yi Zhou, Shenghua Chang, Xiaojuan Huang, Wenjun Wang, Fujiang Hou, Yanrong Wang, Zhibiao Nan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-04-01
Series:Geoderma
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706125000886
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author Yi Zhou
Shenghua Chang
Xiaojuan Huang
Wenjun Wang
Fujiang Hou
Yanrong Wang
Zhibiao Nan
author_facet Yi Zhou
Shenghua Chang
Xiaojuan Huang
Wenjun Wang
Fujiang Hou
Yanrong Wang
Zhibiao Nan
author_sort Yi Zhou
collection DOAJ
description Soil nutrients are essential for ecosystem function and food production. However, the long-term dynamics and ecological drivers of soil macro- and microelements, as well as their relationships, remain virtually unknown, especially in varying precipitation contexts. Here, we conducted a long-term experiment in typical steppes to explore the universal and differential mechanisms of soil macro- and microelements along the precipitation gradient. Our results showed decreases in soil Zn and Fe stocks, alongside increases in Cu, SOC, and STN stocks over time. From north to south, the temporal stability of SOC, STN, Cu and Zn stocks generally increased. Additionally, compared to the humid site, soil macronutrients showed stronger coupling with micronutrients at the arid site, especially Fe, followed by Mn, Zn, Cu. The sensitivity of soil macro- and microelements to climate change and human activities were correlated with the local background precipitation. Precipitation fluctuation, GDP per capita and current precipitation were significant factors contributing to the variation in soil macro- and microelements stock in the north, center and south. Climate explained 46%, 19%, and 16% of nutrient coupling variation in the north, center, and south sites, respectively. Across all sites, human activities explained 74% of variation. Altogether, our findings provide an overview of long-term soil macro- and microelement distribution, their coupling relationships, and driving factors under different precipitation contexts, which is important for grassland management and food production in future global change scenarios.
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spelling doaj-art-fd6dfea3be3c4ef8851cf8b4e84df39f2025-08-20T02:16:44ZengElsevierGeoderma1872-62592025-04-0145611725010.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117250Climate and human activities alter coupling of soil macro- and micronutrients: Evidence from a long-term experiment in typical steppesYi Zhou0Shenghua Chang1Xiaojuan Huang2Wenjun Wang3Fujiang Hou4Yanrong Wang5Zhibiao Nan6State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR ChinaState Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR ChinaState Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR ChinaState Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR ChinaState Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China; Corresponding author.State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR ChinaState Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR ChinaSoil nutrients are essential for ecosystem function and food production. However, the long-term dynamics and ecological drivers of soil macro- and microelements, as well as their relationships, remain virtually unknown, especially in varying precipitation contexts. Here, we conducted a long-term experiment in typical steppes to explore the universal and differential mechanisms of soil macro- and microelements along the precipitation gradient. Our results showed decreases in soil Zn and Fe stocks, alongside increases in Cu, SOC, and STN stocks over time. From north to south, the temporal stability of SOC, STN, Cu and Zn stocks generally increased. Additionally, compared to the humid site, soil macronutrients showed stronger coupling with micronutrients at the arid site, especially Fe, followed by Mn, Zn, Cu. The sensitivity of soil macro- and microelements to climate change and human activities were correlated with the local background precipitation. Precipitation fluctuation, GDP per capita and current precipitation were significant factors contributing to the variation in soil macro- and microelements stock in the north, center and south. Climate explained 46%, 19%, and 16% of nutrient coupling variation in the north, center, and south sites, respectively. Across all sites, human activities explained 74% of variation. Altogether, our findings provide an overview of long-term soil macro- and microelement distribution, their coupling relationships, and driving factors under different precipitation contexts, which is important for grassland management and food production in future global change scenarios.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706125000886Climate changeHuman activitiesSoil nutrient stoichiometryLong-term monitoringPrecipitation gradientSteppe ecosystems
spellingShingle Yi Zhou
Shenghua Chang
Xiaojuan Huang
Wenjun Wang
Fujiang Hou
Yanrong Wang
Zhibiao Nan
Climate and human activities alter coupling of soil macro- and micronutrients: Evidence from a long-term experiment in typical steppes
Geoderma
Climate change
Human activities
Soil nutrient stoichiometry
Long-term monitoring
Precipitation gradient
Steppe ecosystems
title Climate and human activities alter coupling of soil macro- and micronutrients: Evidence from a long-term experiment in typical steppes
title_full Climate and human activities alter coupling of soil macro- and micronutrients: Evidence from a long-term experiment in typical steppes
title_fullStr Climate and human activities alter coupling of soil macro- and micronutrients: Evidence from a long-term experiment in typical steppes
title_full_unstemmed Climate and human activities alter coupling of soil macro- and micronutrients: Evidence from a long-term experiment in typical steppes
title_short Climate and human activities alter coupling of soil macro- and micronutrients: Evidence from a long-term experiment in typical steppes
title_sort climate and human activities alter coupling of soil macro and micronutrients evidence from a long term experiment in typical steppes
topic Climate change
Human activities
Soil nutrient stoichiometry
Long-term monitoring
Precipitation gradient
Steppe ecosystems
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706125000886
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