Dichotomous roles of IL-36 and IL-38 in cardiovascular disease
Members of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) superfamily play crucial roles in orchestrating inflammation and immune responses. Among them, IL-36 and IL-38 have emerged as cytokines with contrasting roles in cardiovascular disease (CVD). IL-36 typically promotes inflammation, contributing to endothelial dysf...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1642116/full |
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| author | Haifeng Zhang Wenhui Huang Shisan Bao |
| author_facet | Haifeng Zhang Wenhui Huang Shisan Bao |
| author_sort | Haifeng Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Members of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) superfamily play crucial roles in orchestrating inflammation and immune responses. Among them, IL-36 and IL-38 have emerged as cytokines with contrasting roles in cardiovascular disease (CVD). IL-36 typically promotes inflammation, contributing to endothelial dysfunction, atherogenesis, and myocardial injury. In contrast, IL-38 exerts predominantly anti-inflammatory effects, modulating immune responses and promoting tissue repair. This mini-review provides a critical synthesis of current findings on IL-36 and IL-38 in the context of atherosclerosis, myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury, and post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) outcomes. We discuss their molecular mechanisms, potential as biomarkers, and therapeutic implications, while identifying key gaps in knowledge that merit further investigation. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fd55029f12a741448b5a0e18e30fc040 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj-art-fd55029f12a741448b5a0e18e30fc0402025-08-20T03:17:44ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242025-07-011610.3389/fimmu.2025.16421161642116Dichotomous roles of IL-36 and IL-38 in cardiovascular diseaseHaifeng ZhangWenhui HuangShisan BaoMembers of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) superfamily play crucial roles in orchestrating inflammation and immune responses. Among them, IL-36 and IL-38 have emerged as cytokines with contrasting roles in cardiovascular disease (CVD). IL-36 typically promotes inflammation, contributing to endothelial dysfunction, atherogenesis, and myocardial injury. In contrast, IL-38 exerts predominantly anti-inflammatory effects, modulating immune responses and promoting tissue repair. This mini-review provides a critical synthesis of current findings on IL-36 and IL-38 in the context of atherosclerosis, myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury, and post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) outcomes. We discuss their molecular mechanisms, potential as biomarkers, and therapeutic implications, while identifying key gaps in knowledge that merit further investigation.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1642116/fullIL-36IL-38cardiovascular diseasebiomarkeranthogenesis |
| spellingShingle | Haifeng Zhang Wenhui Huang Shisan Bao Dichotomous roles of IL-36 and IL-38 in cardiovascular disease Frontiers in Immunology IL-36 IL-38 cardiovascular disease biomarker anthogenesis |
| title | Dichotomous roles of IL-36 and IL-38 in cardiovascular disease |
| title_full | Dichotomous roles of IL-36 and IL-38 in cardiovascular disease |
| title_fullStr | Dichotomous roles of IL-36 and IL-38 in cardiovascular disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dichotomous roles of IL-36 and IL-38 in cardiovascular disease |
| title_short | Dichotomous roles of IL-36 and IL-38 in cardiovascular disease |
| title_sort | dichotomous roles of il 36 and il 38 in cardiovascular disease |
| topic | IL-36 IL-38 cardiovascular disease biomarker anthogenesis |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1642116/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT haifengzhang dichotomousrolesofil36andil38incardiovasculardisease AT wenhuihuang dichotomousrolesofil36andil38incardiovasculardisease AT shisanbao dichotomousrolesofil36andil38incardiovasculardisease |