Carboxyethylsilanetriol-Functionalized Al-MIL-53-Supported Palladium Catalyst for Enhancing Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction

The application of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) has attracted increasing attention in organic synthesis. The modification of MOFs can efficiently tailor the structure and improve the property for meeting ongoing demand in various applications, such as the alteration of gas adsorption and separati...

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Main Authors: Yucang Liang, Xin Ning, Yanzhong Zhen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-02-01
Series:Molecules
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/3/656
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author Yucang Liang
Xin Ning
Yanzhong Zhen
author_facet Yucang Liang
Xin Ning
Yanzhong Zhen
author_sort Yucang Liang
collection DOAJ
description The application of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) has attracted increasing attention in organic synthesis. The modification of MOFs can efficiently tailor the structure and improve the property for meeting ongoing demand in various applications, such as the alteration of gas adsorption and separation, catalytic activity, stability, and sustainability or reusability. In this study, carboxyethylsilanetriol (CEST) disodium salt was used as a dual-functional ligand for modified Al-MIL-53 to fabricate CEST-functionalized Al-MIL-53 samples through a hydrothermal reaction of aluminum nitrate, terephthalic acid, and CEST disodium salt by varying the molar ratio of CEST to terephthalic acid and keeping a constant molar ratio of Al<sup>3+</sup>/-COOH of 1:1. The structure, composition, morphology, pore feature, and stability were characterized by XRD, different spectroscopies, electron microscopy, N<sub>2</sub> physisorption, and thermogravimetric analysis. With increasing CEST content, CEST-Al-MIL-53 still preserves an Al-MIL-53-like structure, but the microstructure changed compared with pure Al-MIL-53 due to the integration of CEST. Such a CEST-Al-MIL-53 was used as the support to load Pd particles and afford a catalyst Pd/CEST-Al-MIL-53 for Suzuki–Miyaura C-C cross-coupling reaction of aryl halides and phenylboronic acid under basic conditions. The resulting Pd/CEST-Al-MIL-53 showed a high catalytic activity compared with Pd/Al-MIL-53, due to the nanofibrous structure of silicon species-integrated CEST-Al-MIL-53. The nanofiber microstructure undergoes a remarkable transformation into intricate 3D cross-networks during catalytic reaction, which enables the leachable Pd particles to orientally redeposit and inlay into these networks as the monodisperse spheres and thereby effectively preventing Pd particles from aggregation and leaching, therefore demonstrating a high catalytic performance, long-term stability, and enhanced reusability. Obviously, the integration of CEST into MOFs can effectively prevent the leaching of active Pd species and ensure the re-deposition during catalysis. Moreover, catalytic performance strongly depended on catalyst dosage, temperature, time, solvent, and the type of the substituted group on benzene ring. This work further extends the catalytic application of hybrid metal–organic frameworks.
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spelling doaj-art-fd3059772fd94d23bf7c2a300fefdb882025-08-20T02:12:28ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-02-0130365610.3390/molecules30030656Carboxyethylsilanetriol-Functionalized Al-MIL-53-Supported Palladium Catalyst for Enhancing Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling ReactionYucang Liang0Xin Ning1Yanzhong Zhen2Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, GermanyInstitut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, GermanyInstitut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, GermanyThe application of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) has attracted increasing attention in organic synthesis. The modification of MOFs can efficiently tailor the structure and improve the property for meeting ongoing demand in various applications, such as the alteration of gas adsorption and separation, catalytic activity, stability, and sustainability or reusability. In this study, carboxyethylsilanetriol (CEST) disodium salt was used as a dual-functional ligand for modified Al-MIL-53 to fabricate CEST-functionalized Al-MIL-53 samples through a hydrothermal reaction of aluminum nitrate, terephthalic acid, and CEST disodium salt by varying the molar ratio of CEST to terephthalic acid and keeping a constant molar ratio of Al<sup>3+</sup>/-COOH of 1:1. The structure, composition, morphology, pore feature, and stability were characterized by XRD, different spectroscopies, electron microscopy, N<sub>2</sub> physisorption, and thermogravimetric analysis. With increasing CEST content, CEST-Al-MIL-53 still preserves an Al-MIL-53-like structure, but the microstructure changed compared with pure Al-MIL-53 due to the integration of CEST. Such a CEST-Al-MIL-53 was used as the support to load Pd particles and afford a catalyst Pd/CEST-Al-MIL-53 for Suzuki–Miyaura C-C cross-coupling reaction of aryl halides and phenylboronic acid under basic conditions. The resulting Pd/CEST-Al-MIL-53 showed a high catalytic activity compared with Pd/Al-MIL-53, due to the nanofibrous structure of silicon species-integrated CEST-Al-MIL-53. The nanofiber microstructure undergoes a remarkable transformation into intricate 3D cross-networks during catalytic reaction, which enables the leachable Pd particles to orientally redeposit and inlay into these networks as the monodisperse spheres and thereby effectively preventing Pd particles from aggregation and leaching, therefore demonstrating a high catalytic performance, long-term stability, and enhanced reusability. Obviously, the integration of CEST into MOFs can effectively prevent the leaching of active Pd species and ensure the re-deposition during catalysis. Moreover, catalytic performance strongly depended on catalyst dosage, temperature, time, solvent, and the type of the substituted group on benzene ring. This work further extends the catalytic application of hybrid metal–organic frameworks.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/3/656microporous Al-metal–organic frameworkstructure functionalizationpalladium heterogeneous catalysisC-C cross-coupling reactionreusability
spellingShingle Yucang Liang
Xin Ning
Yanzhong Zhen
Carboxyethylsilanetriol-Functionalized Al-MIL-53-Supported Palladium Catalyst for Enhancing Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction
Molecules
microporous Al-metal–organic framework
structure functionalization
palladium heterogeneous catalysis
C-C cross-coupling reaction
reusability
title Carboxyethylsilanetriol-Functionalized Al-MIL-53-Supported Palladium Catalyst for Enhancing Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction
title_full Carboxyethylsilanetriol-Functionalized Al-MIL-53-Supported Palladium Catalyst for Enhancing Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction
title_fullStr Carboxyethylsilanetriol-Functionalized Al-MIL-53-Supported Palladium Catalyst for Enhancing Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction
title_full_unstemmed Carboxyethylsilanetriol-Functionalized Al-MIL-53-Supported Palladium Catalyst for Enhancing Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction
title_short Carboxyethylsilanetriol-Functionalized Al-MIL-53-Supported Palladium Catalyst for Enhancing Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction
title_sort carboxyethylsilanetriol functionalized al mil 53 supported palladium catalyst for enhancing suzuki miyaura cross coupling reaction
topic microporous Al-metal–organic framework
structure functionalization
palladium heterogeneous catalysis
C-C cross-coupling reaction
reusability
url https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/3/656
work_keys_str_mv AT yucangliang carboxyethylsilanetriolfunctionalizedalmil53supportedpalladiumcatalystforenhancingsuzukimiyauracrosscouplingreaction
AT xinning carboxyethylsilanetriolfunctionalizedalmil53supportedpalladiumcatalystforenhancingsuzukimiyauracrosscouplingreaction
AT yanzhongzhen carboxyethylsilanetriolfunctionalizedalmil53supportedpalladiumcatalystforenhancingsuzukimiyauracrosscouplingreaction