The Youth Risk Index: psychometrics, predicting the initiation of early adolescent substance use, and the breadth of liability detected
IntroductionOver the last two decades, drug use epidemics have occurred across the world, including in countries with well-funded services for treatment and recovery, underscoring the need to bolster primary prevention. Moreover, substance use (SU) and SU disorders (SUDs) contribute to the etiology...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |
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| author | Ty A. Ridenour Ty A. Ridenour Ty A. Ridenour Nisha O'Shea Gottfredson Jason Williams Daniel S. Shaw Maureen D. Reynolds Cheryl A. Roberts Richard Spoth David R. Garnica-Agudelo Idil Baran Aysenil Belger Diana H. Fishbein |
| author_facet | Ty A. Ridenour Ty A. Ridenour Ty A. Ridenour Nisha O'Shea Gottfredson Jason Williams Daniel S. Shaw Maureen D. Reynolds Cheryl A. Roberts Richard Spoth David R. Garnica-Agudelo Idil Baran Aysenil Belger Diana H. Fishbein |
| author_sort | Ty A. Ridenour |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | IntroductionOver the last two decades, drug use epidemics have occurred across the world, including in countries with well-funded services for treatment and recovery, underscoring the need to bolster primary prevention. Moreover, substance use (SU) and SU disorders (SUDs) contribute to the etiology and exacerbation of many medical and psychiatric illnesses. The first step in providing selective/indicated prevention for SU/SUD is identifying high liability (overall risk). We evaluated the Youth Risk Index© (YRI) screening tool, which measures liability to SU and related behaviors, frequently before they are initiated, at ages 8–14.MethodsUsing data from five previously recruited samples of youth, psychometric analyses consisted of (1) confirmatory factor analyses comparing two latent structures, (2) non-invariance tests between sexes and purposes for using the YRI (research or screening), and (3) concurrent and predictive validity. Reports from 4,495 youths aged 8–13 were analyzed, with approximately half of the sample representing each sex, each research purpose, and a Caucasian identity.ResultsA latent structure with one second-order factor (Overall Liability) and three first-order factors (Disinhibition, Peer Conduct Problems, and Social Contagion) best fit the observed data and was well-replicated within sexes and purposes. Partial scalar non-invariance between purposes occurred for Overall Liability involving two items. Disinhibition had partial non-invariance between sexes and purposes involving the same item. Greater non-invariance was found for Peer Conduct Problems and Social Contagion. Traditional and non-invariance-adjusted scores correlated highly, with values of 0.96 for Overall Liability, 0.99 for Disinhibition, 0.89 for Peer Conduct Problems, and 0.93 for Social Contagion. Traditional scoring provided a good to excellent area under the receiving operating characteristic curve for concurrent and 1-year SU and conduct problems. Greater YRI scores were associated with greater youth-reported depression, sensation seeking, substance use, conduct disorder behaviors, and parental problems from SU and/or legal problems, as well as less self-management and parent fortification and poorer performances in planning, problem-solving, and low-load working memory tasks. YRI scores correlated less with parent reports on youths than with youth self-reports.DiscussionIn sum, YRI scores encapsulate many segments of risk for SU/SUD and related behavior problems, which is critical to accurately identify the need for and provision of selective/indicated prevention because of the manifold risk factors for, and complex etiology of, SU/SUD. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fd258c43fbd84a34bf35b1b259c0fc90 |
| institution | OA Journals |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
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| series | Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |
| spelling | doaj-art-fd258c43fbd84a34bf35b1b259c0fc902025-08-20T02:35:33ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry2813-45402025-06-01410.3389/frcha.2025.15136071513607The Youth Risk Index: psychometrics, predicting the initiation of early adolescent substance use, and the breadth of liability detectedTy A. Ridenour0Ty A. Ridenour1Ty A. Ridenour2Nisha O'Shea Gottfredson3Jason Williams4Daniel S. Shaw5Maureen D. Reynolds6Cheryl A. Roberts7Richard Spoth8David R. Garnica-Agudelo9Idil Baran10Aysenil Belger11Diana H. Fishbein12Substance Use Prevention, Evaluation, and Research, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United StatesDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United StatesFrank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United StatesSubstance Use Prevention, Evaluation, and Research, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United StatesSubstance Use Prevention, Evaluation, and Research, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United StatesDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United StatesDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United StatesSubstance Use Prevention, Evaluation, and Research, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United StatesPartnerships in Prevention Science Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United StatesFrank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United StatesFrank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United StatesFrank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United StatesFrank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United StatesIntroductionOver the last two decades, drug use epidemics have occurred across the world, including in countries with well-funded services for treatment and recovery, underscoring the need to bolster primary prevention. Moreover, substance use (SU) and SU disorders (SUDs) contribute to the etiology and exacerbation of many medical and psychiatric illnesses. The first step in providing selective/indicated prevention for SU/SUD is identifying high liability (overall risk). We evaluated the Youth Risk Index© (YRI) screening tool, which measures liability to SU and related behaviors, frequently before they are initiated, at ages 8–14.MethodsUsing data from five previously recruited samples of youth, psychometric analyses consisted of (1) confirmatory factor analyses comparing two latent structures, (2) non-invariance tests between sexes and purposes for using the YRI (research or screening), and (3) concurrent and predictive validity. Reports from 4,495 youths aged 8–13 were analyzed, with approximately half of the sample representing each sex, each research purpose, and a Caucasian identity.ResultsA latent structure with one second-order factor (Overall Liability) and three first-order factors (Disinhibition, Peer Conduct Problems, and Social Contagion) best fit the observed data and was well-replicated within sexes and purposes. Partial scalar non-invariance between purposes occurred for Overall Liability involving two items. Disinhibition had partial non-invariance between sexes and purposes involving the same item. Greater non-invariance was found for Peer Conduct Problems and Social Contagion. Traditional and non-invariance-adjusted scores correlated highly, with values of 0.96 for Overall Liability, 0.99 for Disinhibition, 0.89 for Peer Conduct Problems, and 0.93 for Social Contagion. Traditional scoring provided a good to excellent area under the receiving operating characteristic curve for concurrent and 1-year SU and conduct problems. Greater YRI scores were associated with greater youth-reported depression, sensation seeking, substance use, conduct disorder behaviors, and parental problems from SU and/or legal problems, as well as less self-management and parent fortification and poorer performances in planning, problem-solving, and low-load working memory tasks. YRI scores correlated less with parent reports on youths than with youth self-reports.DiscussionIn sum, YRI scores encapsulate many segments of risk for SU/SUD and related behavior problems, which is critical to accurately identify the need for and provision of selective/indicated prevention because of the manifold risk factors for, and complex etiology of, SU/SUD.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frcha.2025.1513607/fullconduct problemsscreeningdisinhibitionsocial contagionvaliditysubstance use and misuse |
| spellingShingle | Ty A. Ridenour Ty A. Ridenour Ty A. Ridenour Nisha O'Shea Gottfredson Jason Williams Daniel S. Shaw Maureen D. Reynolds Cheryl A. Roberts Richard Spoth David R. Garnica-Agudelo Idil Baran Aysenil Belger Diana H. Fishbein The Youth Risk Index: psychometrics, predicting the initiation of early adolescent substance use, and the breadth of liability detected Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry conduct problems screening disinhibition social contagion validity substance use and misuse |
| title | The Youth Risk Index: psychometrics, predicting the initiation of early adolescent substance use, and the breadth of liability detected |
| title_full | The Youth Risk Index: psychometrics, predicting the initiation of early adolescent substance use, and the breadth of liability detected |
| title_fullStr | The Youth Risk Index: psychometrics, predicting the initiation of early adolescent substance use, and the breadth of liability detected |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Youth Risk Index: psychometrics, predicting the initiation of early adolescent substance use, and the breadth of liability detected |
| title_short | The Youth Risk Index: psychometrics, predicting the initiation of early adolescent substance use, and the breadth of liability detected |
| title_sort | youth risk index psychometrics predicting the initiation of early adolescent substance use and the breadth of liability detected |
| topic | conduct problems screening disinhibition social contagion validity substance use and misuse |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frcha.2025.1513607/full |
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