Sex Differences in Parkinson’s Disease: A Narrative Review

Abstract Sex differences in epidemiology, clinical features, and therapeutical responses are emerging in several movement disorders, even though they are still not widely recognized. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is not an exception: men and women suffering from PD have different levels of disability. Re...

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Main Authors: Carlo Cattaneo, Javier Pagonabarraga
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Adis, Springer Healthcare 2024-12-01
Series:Neurology and Therapy
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40120-024-00687-6
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author Carlo Cattaneo
Javier Pagonabarraga
author_facet Carlo Cattaneo
Javier Pagonabarraga
author_sort Carlo Cattaneo
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Sex differences in epidemiology, clinical features, and therapeutical responses are emerging in several movement disorders, even though they are still not widely recognized. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is not an exception: men and women suffering from PD have different levels of disability. Research has been performed using multiple databases and scientific journals; this review summarizes the available evidence on sex differences in PD regarding epidemiology, risk factors, genetics, clinical phenotype, social impact, and therapeutic management. The role of hormones in determining such differences is also briefly discussed. The results confirm the existence of differences between men and women in PD; women have a higher risk of developing disabling motor complications and non-motor fluctuations compared to men, while men have a higher risk of developing cognitive impairment, postural instability, and gait disorders. Improving our knowledge in these differences may result in the implementation of strategies for disease-tailored treatment and management.
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spelling doaj-art-fcd9ebd56a854c139f1894bdad72289a2025-01-26T12:58:29ZengAdis, Springer HealthcareNeurology and Therapy2193-82532193-65362024-12-01141577010.1007/s40120-024-00687-6Sex Differences in Parkinson’s Disease: A Narrative ReviewCarlo Cattaneo0Javier Pagonabarraga1Medical Department, Zambon SpAUnit of Movement Disorders, Hospital Sant PauAbstract Sex differences in epidemiology, clinical features, and therapeutical responses are emerging in several movement disorders, even though they are still not widely recognized. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is not an exception: men and women suffering from PD have different levels of disability. Research has been performed using multiple databases and scientific journals; this review summarizes the available evidence on sex differences in PD regarding epidemiology, risk factors, genetics, clinical phenotype, social impact, and therapeutic management. The role of hormones in determining such differences is also briefly discussed. The results confirm the existence of differences between men and women in PD; women have a higher risk of developing disabling motor complications and non-motor fluctuations compared to men, while men have a higher risk of developing cognitive impairment, postural instability, and gait disorders. Improving our knowledge in these differences may result in the implementation of strategies for disease-tailored treatment and management.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40120-024-00687-6Parkinson’s diseaseSex differencesMotor symptomsNon-motor symptomsEstrogen
spellingShingle Carlo Cattaneo
Javier Pagonabarraga
Sex Differences in Parkinson’s Disease: A Narrative Review
Neurology and Therapy
Parkinson’s disease
Sex differences
Motor symptoms
Non-motor symptoms
Estrogen
title Sex Differences in Parkinson’s Disease: A Narrative Review
title_full Sex Differences in Parkinson’s Disease: A Narrative Review
title_fullStr Sex Differences in Parkinson’s Disease: A Narrative Review
title_full_unstemmed Sex Differences in Parkinson’s Disease: A Narrative Review
title_short Sex Differences in Parkinson’s Disease: A Narrative Review
title_sort sex differences in parkinson s disease a narrative review
topic Parkinson’s disease
Sex differences
Motor symptoms
Non-motor symptoms
Estrogen
url https://doi.org/10.1007/s40120-024-00687-6
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