The SUPERCOLD-CGM Survey. II. [C i](1–0) Emission and the Physical Conditions of Cold Gas in Enormous Lyα Nebulae at z ∼ 2
We report Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array and Atacama Compact Array observations of atomic carbon ([C i ](1–0)) and dust continuum in 10 enormous Ly α nebulae hosting ultraluminous Type-I QSOs at z = 2.2–2.5, as part of the Survey of Protocluster ELANe Revealing CO/C i in the Ly α Detec...
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2024-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad8637 |
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| author | Jianan Li Bjorn H. C. Emonts Zheng Cai Jianrui Li Ran Wang Montserrat Villar-Martín Fabrizio Arrigoni Battaia Mingyu Li Yunjing Wu Ilsang Yoon Matthew D. Lehnert Kyle Massingill Craig Sarazin Jason X Prochaska Mark Lacy Brian Mason |
| author_facet | Jianan Li Bjorn H. C. Emonts Zheng Cai Jianrui Li Ran Wang Montserrat Villar-Martín Fabrizio Arrigoni Battaia Mingyu Li Yunjing Wu Ilsang Yoon Matthew D. Lehnert Kyle Massingill Craig Sarazin Jason X Prochaska Mark Lacy Brian Mason |
| author_sort | Jianan Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We report Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array and Atacama Compact Array observations of atomic carbon ([C i ](1–0)) and dust continuum in 10 enormous Ly α nebulae hosting ultraluminous Type-I QSOs at z = 2.2–2.5, as part of the Survey of Protocluster ELANe Revealing CO/C i in the Ly α Detected CGM. We detect [C i ](1–0) and dust in all 10 QSOs and five companion galaxies. We find that the QSOs and companions have higher gas densities and more intense radiation fields than Luminous Infrared galaxies and high- z main sequence galaxies, with the highest values found in the QSOs. By comparing molecular gas masses derived from [C i ](1–0), CO(4−3), and dust continuum, we find that the QSOs and companions display a similar low CO conversion factor of α _CO ∼ 0.8 M _☉ ${[{\rm{K}}\,\mathrm{km}\,{{\rm{s}}}^{-1}\,{\mathrm{pc}}^{2}]}^{-1}$ . After tapering our data to low resolution, the [C i ](1–0) flux increases for nine QSOs, hinting at the possibility of [C i ](1–0) in the circumgalactic medium (CGM) on a scale of 16−40 kpc. However, the [C i ](1–0) sensitivity is too low to confirm this for individual targets, except for a tentative (2.7 σ ) CGM detection in Q0050+0051 with ${{M}}_{{{\rm{H}}}_{2}}$ = (1.0–2.8) × 10 ^10 M _☉ . The 3 σ mass limits of molecular CGM for the remaining QSO fields are (0.2–1.4) × 10 ^10 M _☉ . This translates into a baryon fraction of <0.4%–3% in the molecular CGM relative to the total baryonic halo mass. Our sample also includes a radio-detected active galactic nuclei, Q1416+2649, which shows [C i ](1–0) and CO(4−3) luminosities an order of magnitude fainter for its far-infrared luminosity than other QSOs in our sample, possibly due to a lower molecular gas mass. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fc8d1b45aa94475cbe83253b926c9af0 |
| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-fc8d1b45aa94475cbe83253b926c9af02025-01-27T11:02:20ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572024-01-01977219810.3847/1538-4357/ad8637The SUPERCOLD-CGM Survey. II. [C i](1–0) Emission and the Physical Conditions of Cold Gas in Enormous Lyα Nebulae at z ∼ 2Jianan Li0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1815-4839Bjorn H. C. Emonts1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2983-815XZheng Cai2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8467-6478Jianrui Li3Ran Wang4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4956-5742Montserrat Villar-Martín5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2566-2126Fabrizio Arrigoni Battaia6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4770-6137Mingyu Li7https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6251-649XYunjing Wu8https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0111-8249Ilsang Yoon9https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9163-0064Matthew D. Lehnert10https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1939-5885Kyle Massingill11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0830-2033Craig Sarazin12https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0167-0981Jason X Prochaska13https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7738-6875Mark Lacy14https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3032-1783Brian Mason15https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8472-836XDepartment of Astronomy, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China ; jiananl@pku.edu.cn, zcai@mail.tsinghua.edu.cnNational Radio Astronomy Observatory , 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USADepartment of Astronomy, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China ; jiananl@pku.edu.cn, zcai@mail.tsinghua.edu.cnDepartment of Astronomy, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China ; jiananl@pku.edu.cn, zcai@mail.tsinghua.edu.cnKavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of ChinaCentro de Astrobiología , CSIC-INTA, Ctra. de Torrejón a Ajalvir, km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, SpainMax-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik , Karl-Schwarzschild-Str 1, D-85748 Garching bei München, GermanyDepartment of Astronomy, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China ; jiananl@pku.edu.cn, zcai@mail.tsinghua.edu.cnDepartment of Astronomy, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China ; jiananl@pku.edu.cn, zcai@mail.tsinghua.edu.cnNational Radio Astronomy Observatory , 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USAUniversité Lyon 1 , ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR5574, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, F-69230 Saint-Genis-Laval, FranceSchool of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ 85287, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Virginia , 530 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USAUniversity of California , 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, 277-8583, Japan; Division of Science, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanNational Radio Astronomy Observatory , 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USANational Radio Astronomy Observatory , 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USAWe report Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array and Atacama Compact Array observations of atomic carbon ([C i ](1–0)) and dust continuum in 10 enormous Ly α nebulae hosting ultraluminous Type-I QSOs at z = 2.2–2.5, as part of the Survey of Protocluster ELANe Revealing CO/C i in the Ly α Detected CGM. We detect [C i ](1–0) and dust in all 10 QSOs and five companion galaxies. We find that the QSOs and companions have higher gas densities and more intense radiation fields than Luminous Infrared galaxies and high- z main sequence galaxies, with the highest values found in the QSOs. By comparing molecular gas masses derived from [C i ](1–0), CO(4−3), and dust continuum, we find that the QSOs and companions display a similar low CO conversion factor of α _CO ∼ 0.8 M _☉ ${[{\rm{K}}\,\mathrm{km}\,{{\rm{s}}}^{-1}\,{\mathrm{pc}}^{2}]}^{-1}$ . After tapering our data to low resolution, the [C i ](1–0) flux increases for nine QSOs, hinting at the possibility of [C i ](1–0) in the circumgalactic medium (CGM) on a scale of 16−40 kpc. However, the [C i ](1–0) sensitivity is too low to confirm this for individual targets, except for a tentative (2.7 σ ) CGM detection in Q0050+0051 with ${{M}}_{{{\rm{H}}}_{2}}$ = (1.0–2.8) × 10 ^10 M _☉ . The 3 σ mass limits of molecular CGM for the remaining QSO fields are (0.2–1.4) × 10 ^10 M _☉ . This translates into a baryon fraction of <0.4%–3% in the molecular CGM relative to the total baryonic halo mass. Our sample also includes a radio-detected active galactic nuclei, Q1416+2649, which shows [C i ](1–0) and CO(4−3) luminosities an order of magnitude fainter for its far-infrared luminosity than other QSOs in our sample, possibly due to a lower molecular gas mass.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad8637Interstellar mediumCircumgalactic mediumMolecular gasQuasarsGalaxy evolutionHigh-redshift galaxies |
| spellingShingle | Jianan Li Bjorn H. C. Emonts Zheng Cai Jianrui Li Ran Wang Montserrat Villar-Martín Fabrizio Arrigoni Battaia Mingyu Li Yunjing Wu Ilsang Yoon Matthew D. Lehnert Kyle Massingill Craig Sarazin Jason X Prochaska Mark Lacy Brian Mason The SUPERCOLD-CGM Survey. II. [C i](1–0) Emission and the Physical Conditions of Cold Gas in Enormous Lyα Nebulae at z ∼ 2 The Astrophysical Journal Interstellar medium Circumgalactic medium Molecular gas Quasars Galaxy evolution High-redshift galaxies |
| title | The SUPERCOLD-CGM Survey. II. [C i](1–0) Emission and the Physical Conditions of Cold Gas in Enormous Lyα Nebulae at z ∼ 2 |
| title_full | The SUPERCOLD-CGM Survey. II. [C i](1–0) Emission and the Physical Conditions of Cold Gas in Enormous Lyα Nebulae at z ∼ 2 |
| title_fullStr | The SUPERCOLD-CGM Survey. II. [C i](1–0) Emission and the Physical Conditions of Cold Gas in Enormous Lyα Nebulae at z ∼ 2 |
| title_full_unstemmed | The SUPERCOLD-CGM Survey. II. [C i](1–0) Emission and the Physical Conditions of Cold Gas in Enormous Lyα Nebulae at z ∼ 2 |
| title_short | The SUPERCOLD-CGM Survey. II. [C i](1–0) Emission and the Physical Conditions of Cold Gas in Enormous Lyα Nebulae at z ∼ 2 |
| title_sort | supercold cgm survey ii c i 1 0 emission and the physical conditions of cold gas in enormous lyα nebulae at z ∼ 2 |
| topic | Interstellar medium Circumgalactic medium Molecular gas Quasars Galaxy evolution High-redshift galaxies |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad8637 |
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