Impact of combined sun and hybrid drying technologies on cocoa drying process and quality
The drying process is essential in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) production, significantly influencing product quality and energy consumption. This study compares four drying methods: sun drying (SD), solar-electric hybrid drying (HD), SD followed by HD (SD + HD), and HD followed by SD (HD + SD). The p...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Heliyon |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844025012654 |
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| author | Johanna Pita-Garcia José Reinoso-Tigre Sócrates Palacios-Ponce Emerita Delgado-Plaza Diana Coello-Montoya Rómulo Salazar Jonathan Coronel-León Juan Peralta Fabiola Cornejo |
| author_facet | Johanna Pita-Garcia José Reinoso-Tigre Sócrates Palacios-Ponce Emerita Delgado-Plaza Diana Coello-Montoya Rómulo Salazar Jonathan Coronel-León Juan Peralta Fabiola Cornejo |
| author_sort | Johanna Pita-Garcia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The drying process is essential in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) production, significantly influencing product quality and energy consumption. This study compares four drying methods: sun drying (SD), solar-electric hybrid drying (HD), SD followed by HD (SD + HD), and HD followed by SD (HD + SD). The physicochemical properties (shrinkage, fermentation index, pH, total acidity, color), bioactive compounds (total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity), and drying efficiency (drying rate, effective moisture diffusivity, energy consumption) were assessed. Results show that HD and HD + SD effectively preserve cocoa's physicochemical and antioxidant properties. Starting with HD increases the drying rate by 20 %, resulting in higher moisture diffusivity coefficients (over 4.12 × 10−7 m2/s). Combining HD with SD reduces energy consumption by 56.6 %, improving energy efficiency. SD increased cocoa bean shrinkage by up to 9 %, and HD maintained phenolic content. The HD + SD method is, therefore, a promising, energy-efficient alternative for small-scale cocoa producers, contributing to industry innovation and sustainability. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fbdb7a95665d43779521ef0948ef6087 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2405-8440 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heliyon |
| spelling | doaj-art-fbdb7a95665d43779521ef0948ef60872025-08-20T02:45:07ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402025-02-01114e4288410.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42884Impact of combined sun and hybrid drying technologies on cocoa drying process and qualityJohanna Pita-Garcia0José Reinoso-Tigre1Sócrates Palacios-Ponce2Emerita Delgado-Plaza3Diana Coello-Montoya4Rómulo Salazar5Jonathan Coronel-León6Juan Peralta7Fabiola Cornejo8Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería en Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, EcuadorEscuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería en Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Centro de Desarrollo Tecnológico Sustentable, ESPOL, EcuadorEscuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería en Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, EcuadorEscuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería en Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Centro de Desarrollo Tecnológico Sustentable, ESPOL, EcuadorEscuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería en Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, EcuadorEscuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería en Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, EcuadorEscuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería en Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, EcuadorEscuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería en Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Centro de Desarrollo Tecnológico Sustentable, ESPOL, EcuadorEscuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería en Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Corresponding author.The drying process is essential in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) production, significantly influencing product quality and energy consumption. This study compares four drying methods: sun drying (SD), solar-electric hybrid drying (HD), SD followed by HD (SD + HD), and HD followed by SD (HD + SD). The physicochemical properties (shrinkage, fermentation index, pH, total acidity, color), bioactive compounds (total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity), and drying efficiency (drying rate, effective moisture diffusivity, energy consumption) were assessed. Results show that HD and HD + SD effectively preserve cocoa's physicochemical and antioxidant properties. Starting with HD increases the drying rate by 20 %, resulting in higher moisture diffusivity coefficients (over 4.12 × 10−7 m2/s). Combining HD with SD reduces energy consumption by 56.6 %, improving energy efficiency. SD increased cocoa bean shrinkage by up to 9 %, and HD maintained phenolic content. The HD + SD method is, therefore, a promising, energy-efficient alternative for small-scale cocoa producers, contributing to industry innovation and sustainability.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844025012654Combined drying technologiesDrying rateEnergy consumptionBioactive compoundsAntioxidant capacity |
| spellingShingle | Johanna Pita-Garcia José Reinoso-Tigre Sócrates Palacios-Ponce Emerita Delgado-Plaza Diana Coello-Montoya Rómulo Salazar Jonathan Coronel-León Juan Peralta Fabiola Cornejo Impact of combined sun and hybrid drying technologies on cocoa drying process and quality Heliyon Combined drying technologies Drying rate Energy consumption Bioactive compounds Antioxidant capacity |
| title | Impact of combined sun and hybrid drying technologies on cocoa drying process and quality |
| title_full | Impact of combined sun and hybrid drying technologies on cocoa drying process and quality |
| title_fullStr | Impact of combined sun and hybrid drying technologies on cocoa drying process and quality |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact of combined sun and hybrid drying technologies on cocoa drying process and quality |
| title_short | Impact of combined sun and hybrid drying technologies on cocoa drying process and quality |
| title_sort | impact of combined sun and hybrid drying technologies on cocoa drying process and quality |
| topic | Combined drying technologies Drying rate Energy consumption Bioactive compounds Antioxidant capacity |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844025012654 |
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