Association between parent-reported salt-related behaviors and estimated urinary salt excretion: a cross-sectional study of health checkups in 4-year-old children
Although salt-related behaviors may influence urinary salt excretion in early childhood, this relationship remains unclear. This study aimed to examine salt-related behaviors using data from a salt check sheet and urinary salt excretion parameters using spot urine samples from 4-year-old children. T...
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Komiyama Printing Co. Ltd
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ehpm/30/0/30_25-00076/_html/-char/en |
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| author | Takafumi Abe Minoru Isomura Shozo Yano |
| author_facet | Takafumi Abe Minoru Isomura Shozo Yano |
| author_sort | Takafumi Abe |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Although salt-related behaviors may influence urinary salt excretion in early childhood, this relationship remains unclear. This study aimed to examine salt-related behaviors using data from a salt check sheet and urinary salt excretion parameters using spot urine samples from 4-year-old children. This cross-sectional study included all 4-year-old children who underwent health checkups in Ohnan Town, Shimane Prefecture. The study sample consisted of 109 children (49 boys). Measures from spot urine samples included estimated salt excretion (g/day) and the sodium-potassium (Na/K) ratio. Salt-related behaviors were assessed using a salt check sheet that was completed by the parents or guardians. The associations between salt-related behaviors and urinary salt excretion parameters were analyzed using a generalized linear model. The median (M) and interquartile range (IQR) for urinary measures in 4-year-old children were as follows: estimated salt excretion (M = 4.4, IQR: 3.3–6.2) and Na/K ratio (M = 2.3, IQR: 1.4–3.3). The low frequency of consumption of high-salt foods (“such as pickles, pickled plums, etc.” and “noodles such as udon and ramen”) was associated with low salt excretion and low Na/K ratio. However, in the case of “consumption of udon, ramen, or other soups”, the Na/K ratio was higher for “About half a bowl” and “Some” than for “An entire bowl.” Additionally, for “eating out or having convenience-store-bought bento (lunch plate) for lunch”, the Na/K ratio was higher for “No” than for “Almost every day.” In conclusion, the frequency of high-sodium food intake was associated with both urinary sodium excretion and the Na/K ratio in 4-year-old children. Longitudinal investigations using the 24-hour urine collection method are needed to confirm these salt-related behaviors. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fb95de56ffa144d682a51cf50621f213 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1342-078X 1347-4715 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Komiyama Printing Co. Ltd |
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| series | Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine |
| spelling | doaj-art-fb95de56ffa144d682a51cf50621f2132025-08-20T03:12:36ZengKomiyama Printing Co. LtdEnvironmental Health and Preventive Medicine1342-078X1347-47152025-05-0130393910.1265/ehpm.25-00076ehpmAssociation between parent-reported salt-related behaviors and estimated urinary salt excretion: a cross-sectional study of health checkups in 4-year-old childrenTakafumi Abe0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8657-4707Minoru Isomura1Shozo Yano2Center for Community-Based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Head Office for Research and Academic Information, Shimane UniversityCenter for Community-Based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Head Office for Research and Academic Information, Shimane UniversityCenter for Community-Based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Head Office for Research and Academic Information, Shimane UniversityAlthough salt-related behaviors may influence urinary salt excretion in early childhood, this relationship remains unclear. This study aimed to examine salt-related behaviors using data from a salt check sheet and urinary salt excretion parameters using spot urine samples from 4-year-old children. This cross-sectional study included all 4-year-old children who underwent health checkups in Ohnan Town, Shimane Prefecture. The study sample consisted of 109 children (49 boys). Measures from spot urine samples included estimated salt excretion (g/day) and the sodium-potassium (Na/K) ratio. Salt-related behaviors were assessed using a salt check sheet that was completed by the parents or guardians. The associations between salt-related behaviors and urinary salt excretion parameters were analyzed using a generalized linear model. The median (M) and interquartile range (IQR) for urinary measures in 4-year-old children were as follows: estimated salt excretion (M = 4.4, IQR: 3.3–6.2) and Na/K ratio (M = 2.3, IQR: 1.4–3.3). The low frequency of consumption of high-salt foods (“such as pickles, pickled plums, etc.” and “noodles such as udon and ramen”) was associated with low salt excretion and low Na/K ratio. However, in the case of “consumption of udon, ramen, or other soups”, the Na/K ratio was higher for “About half a bowl” and “Some” than for “An entire bowl.” Additionally, for “eating out or having convenience-store-bought bento (lunch plate) for lunch”, the Na/K ratio was higher for “No” than for “Almost every day.” In conclusion, the frequency of high-sodium food intake was associated with both urinary sodium excretion and the Na/K ratio in 4-year-old children. Longitudinal investigations using the 24-hour urine collection method are needed to confirm these salt-related behaviors.https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ehpm/30/0/30_25-00076/_html/-char/enhealth policypreschoolsalt intake |
| spellingShingle | Takafumi Abe Minoru Isomura Shozo Yano Association between parent-reported salt-related behaviors and estimated urinary salt excretion: a cross-sectional study of health checkups in 4-year-old children Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine health policy preschool salt intake |
| title | Association between parent-reported salt-related behaviors and estimated urinary salt excretion: a cross-sectional study of health checkups in 4-year-old children |
| title_full | Association between parent-reported salt-related behaviors and estimated urinary salt excretion: a cross-sectional study of health checkups in 4-year-old children |
| title_fullStr | Association between parent-reported salt-related behaviors and estimated urinary salt excretion: a cross-sectional study of health checkups in 4-year-old children |
| title_full_unstemmed | Association between parent-reported salt-related behaviors and estimated urinary salt excretion: a cross-sectional study of health checkups in 4-year-old children |
| title_short | Association between parent-reported salt-related behaviors and estimated urinary salt excretion: a cross-sectional study of health checkups in 4-year-old children |
| title_sort | association between parent reported salt related behaviors and estimated urinary salt excretion a cross sectional study of health checkups in 4 year old children |
| topic | health policy preschool salt intake |
| url | https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ehpm/30/0/30_25-00076/_html/-char/en |
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