Use of Tropospheric Delay in GNSS-Based Climate Monitoring—A Review
The troposphere is a key component of the Earth’s climate system, modulating weather patterns and global temperatures through intricate interactions between water vapor, atmospheric pressure, and temperature. Nevertheless, the effective long-term monitoring of tropospheric variations continues to re...
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MDPI AG
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/9/1501 |
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| author | Aleksandra Maciejewska |
| author_facet | Aleksandra Maciejewska |
| author_sort | Aleksandra Maciejewska |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The troposphere is a key component of the Earth’s climate system, modulating weather patterns and global temperatures through intricate interactions between water vapor, atmospheric pressure, and temperature. Nevertheless, the effective long-term monitoring of tropospheric variations continues to represent a significant challenge in the realm of climate science. While conventional methods such as radiosondes and satellite observations yield valuable data, they frequently face constraints related to temporal resolution, spatial coverage, or weather-dependent variations. In recent years, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) meteorology has emerged as a promising alternative, offering continuous, high-precision atmospheric measurements. The objective of this review is to assess the application of GNSS tropospheric components in climate monitoring. Specifically, the following objectives are pursued: (1) examine how GNSS-derived ZTD, ZWD, and IWV reflect climate variability and long-term trends; (2) compare GNSS-based climate measurements with reanalysis and satellite datasets; (3) discuss the challenges and limitations of using GNSS for climate studies; (4) highlight future developments, including multi-GNSS integration and AI-driven climate data analysis. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fb85798764c94b3fa2faa6880c0c08c1 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj-art-fb85798764c94b3fa2faa6880c0c08c12025-08-20T03:52:57ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922025-04-01179150110.3390/rs17091501Use of Tropospheric Delay in GNSS-Based Climate Monitoring—A ReviewAleksandra Maciejewska0Department of Integrated Geodesy and Cartography, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, PolandThe troposphere is a key component of the Earth’s climate system, modulating weather patterns and global temperatures through intricate interactions between water vapor, atmospheric pressure, and temperature. Nevertheless, the effective long-term monitoring of tropospheric variations continues to represent a significant challenge in the realm of climate science. While conventional methods such as radiosondes and satellite observations yield valuable data, they frequently face constraints related to temporal resolution, spatial coverage, or weather-dependent variations. In recent years, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) meteorology has emerged as a promising alternative, offering continuous, high-precision atmospheric measurements. The objective of this review is to assess the application of GNSS tropospheric components in climate monitoring. Specifically, the following objectives are pursued: (1) examine how GNSS-derived ZTD, ZWD, and IWV reflect climate variability and long-term trends; (2) compare GNSS-based climate measurements with reanalysis and satellite datasets; (3) discuss the challenges and limitations of using GNSS for climate studies; (4) highlight future developments, including multi-GNSS integration and AI-driven climate data analysis.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/9/1501troposphereZTDPWVIWVclimateclimate monitoring |
| spellingShingle | Aleksandra Maciejewska Use of Tropospheric Delay in GNSS-Based Climate Monitoring—A Review Remote Sensing troposphere ZTD PWV IWV climate climate monitoring |
| title | Use of Tropospheric Delay in GNSS-Based Climate Monitoring—A Review |
| title_full | Use of Tropospheric Delay in GNSS-Based Climate Monitoring—A Review |
| title_fullStr | Use of Tropospheric Delay in GNSS-Based Climate Monitoring—A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Use of Tropospheric Delay in GNSS-Based Climate Monitoring—A Review |
| title_short | Use of Tropospheric Delay in GNSS-Based Climate Monitoring—A Review |
| title_sort | use of tropospheric delay in gnss based climate monitoring a review |
| topic | troposphere ZTD PWV IWV climate climate monitoring |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/9/1501 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT aleksandramaciejewska useoftroposphericdelayingnssbasedclimatemonitoringareview |