The influence of Bentonite content on the properties of its mixture with Kaolinite

Abstract This study investigates the index properties of artificially prepared mixtures of Bentonite and Kaolinite to simulate different types of fine-grained soils with diverse expansive characteristics, with a particular focus on understanding how various index characteristics influence swelling b...

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Main Authors: Mohamed M. Salah, Mahmoud S. Hammad, Ayman L. Fayed, Ahmed M. Ebid
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-03-01
Series:Scientific Reports
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-89001-4
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author Mohamed M. Salah
Mahmoud S. Hammad
Ayman L. Fayed
Ahmed M. Ebid
author_facet Mohamed M. Salah
Mahmoud S. Hammad
Ayman L. Fayed
Ahmed M. Ebid
author_sort Mohamed M. Salah
collection DOAJ
description Abstract This study investigates the index properties of artificially prepared mixtures of Bentonite and Kaolinite to simulate different types of fine-grained soils with diverse expansive characteristics, with a particular focus on understanding how various index characteristics influence swelling behavior. A series of controlled laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the specific unit weight, free swell, consistency limits, and compaction parameters. The results show that altering the Bentonite content significantly affects the index properties of the mixtures, which in turn influences their swelling behavior. As the Bentonite content increases, the specific unit weight also increases due to the dense and compact nature of Bentonite. Additionally, the swelling properties of Bentonite cause substantial increases in the free swell and Atterberg limits, highlighting its critical role in controlling swelling potential and plasticity. Conversely, the maximum dry unit weight decreases with increasing Bentonite content due to its high water absorption capacity, which reduces compaction efficiency. These diverse index characteristics, such as free swell, Atterberg limits, and specific unit weight, are found to have a significant impact on the swelling behavior of the mixtures. By adjusting the Bentonite content, these mixtures effectively simulate a range of fine-grained soils with varying swelling potentials. These findings provide valuable insights into the behavior of soils with expansive properties, offering a foundation for optimizing their use in applications like engineered barriers, liners, and foundations, where controlling swelling and plasticity is essential.
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spelling doaj-art-fb7bbdd95d0545e7a7359ca033827d9a2025-08-20T03:07:41ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-03-0115111310.1038/s41598-025-89001-4The influence of Bentonite content on the properties of its mixture with KaoliniteMohamed M. Salah0Mahmoud S. Hammad1Ayman L. Fayed2Ahmed M. Ebid3Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams UniversityStructural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams UniversityStructural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams UniversityFaculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in EgyptAbstract This study investigates the index properties of artificially prepared mixtures of Bentonite and Kaolinite to simulate different types of fine-grained soils with diverse expansive characteristics, with a particular focus on understanding how various index characteristics influence swelling behavior. A series of controlled laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the specific unit weight, free swell, consistency limits, and compaction parameters. The results show that altering the Bentonite content significantly affects the index properties of the mixtures, which in turn influences their swelling behavior. As the Bentonite content increases, the specific unit weight also increases due to the dense and compact nature of Bentonite. Additionally, the swelling properties of Bentonite cause substantial increases in the free swell and Atterberg limits, highlighting its critical role in controlling swelling potential and plasticity. Conversely, the maximum dry unit weight decreases with increasing Bentonite content due to its high water absorption capacity, which reduces compaction efficiency. These diverse index characteristics, such as free swell, Atterberg limits, and specific unit weight, are found to have a significant impact on the swelling behavior of the mixtures. By adjusting the Bentonite content, these mixtures effectively simulate a range of fine-grained soils with varying swelling potentials. These findings provide valuable insights into the behavior of soils with expansive properties, offering a foundation for optimizing their use in applications like engineered barriers, liners, and foundations, where controlling swelling and plasticity is essential.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-89001-4Clay mixtureIndex propertiesConsistency limitsCompaction propertiesFree swelling
spellingShingle Mohamed M. Salah
Mahmoud S. Hammad
Ayman L. Fayed
Ahmed M. Ebid
The influence of Bentonite content on the properties of its mixture with Kaolinite
Scientific Reports
Clay mixture
Index properties
Consistency limits
Compaction properties
Free swelling
title The influence of Bentonite content on the properties of its mixture with Kaolinite
title_full The influence of Bentonite content on the properties of its mixture with Kaolinite
title_fullStr The influence of Bentonite content on the properties of its mixture with Kaolinite
title_full_unstemmed The influence of Bentonite content on the properties of its mixture with Kaolinite
title_short The influence of Bentonite content on the properties of its mixture with Kaolinite
title_sort influence of bentonite content on the properties of its mixture with kaolinite
topic Clay mixture
Index properties
Consistency limits
Compaction properties
Free swelling
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-89001-4
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