Liquid metal embrittlement in solid-state welding of Mg/galvanized steel
The phenomenon of liquid metal embrittlement (LME) poses safety concerns for welded joints in the manufacturing field. In present study, LME was observed in refill friction stir spot welding (refill FSSW) of dissimilar magnesium (Mg) to galvanized steel. This marks the first reported proof of eviden...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Taylor & Francis Group
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Materials Research Letters |
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| Online Access: | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/21663831.2025.2516103 |
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| author | Ting Chen Hao Wang Banglong Fu Chunjie Huang Tong Shen Uceu F. H. R. Suhuddin Emad Maawad Thomas Klassen Guoliang Qin Benjamin Klusemann |
| author_facet | Ting Chen Hao Wang Banglong Fu Chunjie Huang Tong Shen Uceu F. H. R. Suhuddin Emad Maawad Thomas Klassen Guoliang Qin Benjamin Klusemann |
| author_sort | Ting Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The phenomenon of liquid metal embrittlement (LME) poses safety concerns for welded joints in the manufacturing field. In present study, LME was observed in refill friction stir spot welding (refill FSSW) of dissimilar magnesium (Mg) to galvanized steel. This marks the first reported proof of evidence of LME in the field of solid-state welding. Microstructural characterization of cracks formed during the welding process revealed typical characteristics of LME, specifically the penetration and enrichment of Zn at the Mg alloy grain boundaries and the formation of a liquefied phase. Tensile tests of Zn-coated Mg alloy were conducted at elevated temperatures to validate the LME phenomenon in refill FSSW and to identify the temperature range in which LME occurs. Based on these observations, a mechanism of LME formation for the Mg-Zn system in refill FSSW is proposed. Additionally, strategies to prevent LME are suggested and experimentally validated. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fb52dfd2849447fc998fbe154221aed1 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2166-3831 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials Research Letters |
| spelling | doaj-art-fb52dfd2849447fc998fbe154221aed12025-08-20T03:23:19ZengTaylor & Francis GroupMaterials Research Letters2166-38312025-07-0113778579210.1080/21663831.2025.2516103Liquid metal embrittlement in solid-state welding of Mg/galvanized steelTing Chen0Hao Wang1Banglong Fu2Chunjie Huang3Tong Shen4Uceu F. H. R. Suhuddin5Emad Maawad6Thomas Klassen7Guoliang Qin8Benjamin Klusemann9Solid State Materials Processing, Institute of Material and Process Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, GermanySchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of ChinaSolid State Materials Processing, Institute of Material and Process Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, GermanyHelmut Schmidt University, University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, GermanySolid State Materials Processing, Institute of Material and Process Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, GermanySolid State Materials Processing, Institute of Material and Process Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, GermanyInstitute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, GermanyHelmut Schmidt University, University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, GermanySchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of ChinaSolid State Materials Processing, Institute of Material and Process Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, GermanyThe phenomenon of liquid metal embrittlement (LME) poses safety concerns for welded joints in the manufacturing field. In present study, LME was observed in refill friction stir spot welding (refill FSSW) of dissimilar magnesium (Mg) to galvanized steel. This marks the first reported proof of evidence of LME in the field of solid-state welding. Microstructural characterization of cracks formed during the welding process revealed typical characteristics of LME, specifically the penetration and enrichment of Zn at the Mg alloy grain boundaries and the formation of a liquefied phase. Tensile tests of Zn-coated Mg alloy were conducted at elevated temperatures to validate the LME phenomenon in refill FSSW and to identify the temperature range in which LME occurs. Based on these observations, a mechanism of LME formation for the Mg-Zn system in refill FSSW is proposed. Additionally, strategies to prevent LME are suggested and experimentally validated.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/21663831.2025.2516103Liquid metal embrittlementsolid-state weldingrefill friction stir spot weldingMg alloysZn |
| spellingShingle | Ting Chen Hao Wang Banglong Fu Chunjie Huang Tong Shen Uceu F. H. R. Suhuddin Emad Maawad Thomas Klassen Guoliang Qin Benjamin Klusemann Liquid metal embrittlement in solid-state welding of Mg/galvanized steel Materials Research Letters Liquid metal embrittlement solid-state welding refill friction stir spot welding Mg alloys Zn |
| title | Liquid metal embrittlement in solid-state welding of Mg/galvanized steel |
| title_full | Liquid metal embrittlement in solid-state welding of Mg/galvanized steel |
| title_fullStr | Liquid metal embrittlement in solid-state welding of Mg/galvanized steel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Liquid metal embrittlement in solid-state welding of Mg/galvanized steel |
| title_short | Liquid metal embrittlement in solid-state welding of Mg/galvanized steel |
| title_sort | liquid metal embrittlement in solid state welding of mg galvanized steel |
| topic | Liquid metal embrittlement solid-state welding refill friction stir spot welding Mg alloys Zn |
| url | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/21663831.2025.2516103 |
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