A vaccinia virus renaissance<subtitle>New vaccine and immunotherapeutic uses after smallpox eradication</subtitle>
In 1796, Edward Jenner introduced the concept of vaccination with cowpox virus, an Orthopoxvirus within the family Poxviridae that elicits cross protective immunity against related orthopoxviruses, including smallpox virus (variola virus). Over time, vaccinia virus (VACV) replaced cowpox virus as th...
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Taylor & Francis Group
2012-07-01
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| Series: | Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.4161/hv.21080 |
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| author | Paulo H. Verardi Allison Titong Caitlin J. Hagen |
| author_facet | Paulo H. Verardi Allison Titong Caitlin J. Hagen |
| author_sort | Paulo H. Verardi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In 1796, Edward Jenner introduced the concept of vaccination with cowpox virus, an Orthopoxvirus within the family Poxviridae that elicits cross protective immunity against related orthopoxviruses, including smallpox virus (variola virus). Over time, vaccinia virus (VACV) replaced cowpox virus as the smallpox vaccine, and vaccination efforts eventually led to the successful global eradication of smallpox in 1979. VACV has many characteristics that make it an excellent vaccine and that were crucial for the successful eradication of smallpox, including (1) its exceptional thermal stability (a very important but uncommon characteristic in live vaccines), (2) its ability to elicit strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, (3) the fact that it is easy to propagate, and (4) that it is not oncogenic, given that VACV replication occurs exclusively within the host cell cytoplasm and there is no evidence that the viral genome integrates into the host genome. Since the eradication of smallpox, VACV has experienced a renaissance of interest as a viral vector for the development of recombinant vaccines, immunotherapies, and oncolytic therapies, as well as the development of next-generation smallpox vaccines. This revival is mainly due to the successful use and extensive characterization of VACV as a vaccine during the smallpox eradication campaign, along with the ability to genetically manipulate its large dsDNA genome while retaining infectivity and immunogenicity, its wide mammalian host range, and its natural tropism for tumor cells that allows its use as an oncolytic vector. This review provides an overview of new uses of VACV that are currently being explored for the development of vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and oncolytic virotherapies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fb3e4b5dda0647a0919e409edd1ee745 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2164-5515 2164-554X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2012-07-01 |
| publisher | Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics |
| spelling | doaj-art-fb3e4b5dda0647a0919e409edd1ee7452025-08-20T02:52:13ZengTaylor & Francis GroupHuman Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics2164-55152164-554X2012-07-018796197010.4161/hv.21080A vaccinia virus renaissance<subtitle>New vaccine and immunotherapeutic uses after smallpox eradication</subtitle>Paulo H. Verardi0Allison Titong1Caitlin J. Hagen2Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut; Storrs, CT USADepartment of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut; Storrs, CT USADepartment of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut; Storrs, CT USAIn 1796, Edward Jenner introduced the concept of vaccination with cowpox virus, an Orthopoxvirus within the family Poxviridae that elicits cross protective immunity against related orthopoxviruses, including smallpox virus (variola virus). Over time, vaccinia virus (VACV) replaced cowpox virus as the smallpox vaccine, and vaccination efforts eventually led to the successful global eradication of smallpox in 1979. VACV has many characteristics that make it an excellent vaccine and that were crucial for the successful eradication of smallpox, including (1) its exceptional thermal stability (a very important but uncommon characteristic in live vaccines), (2) its ability to elicit strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, (3) the fact that it is easy to propagate, and (4) that it is not oncogenic, given that VACV replication occurs exclusively within the host cell cytoplasm and there is no evidence that the viral genome integrates into the host genome. Since the eradication of smallpox, VACV has experienced a renaissance of interest as a viral vector for the development of recombinant vaccines, immunotherapies, and oncolytic therapies, as well as the development of next-generation smallpox vaccines. This revival is mainly due to the successful use and extensive characterization of VACV as a vaccine during the smallpox eradication campaign, along with the ability to genetically manipulate its large dsDNA genome while retaining infectivity and immunogenicity, its wide mammalian host range, and its natural tropism for tumor cells that allows its use as an oncolytic vector. This review provides an overview of new uses of VACV that are currently being explored for the development of vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and oncolytic virotherapies.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.4161/hv.21080cancer immunotherapyoncolytic cancer therapysmallpoxvaccinesvaccinia virusviral vectors |
| spellingShingle | Paulo H. Verardi Allison Titong Caitlin J. Hagen A vaccinia virus renaissance<subtitle>New vaccine and immunotherapeutic uses after smallpox eradication</subtitle> Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics cancer immunotherapy oncolytic cancer therapy smallpox vaccines vaccinia virus viral vectors |
| title | A vaccinia virus renaissance<subtitle>New vaccine and immunotherapeutic uses after smallpox eradication</subtitle> |
| title_full | A vaccinia virus renaissance<subtitle>New vaccine and immunotherapeutic uses after smallpox eradication</subtitle> |
| title_fullStr | A vaccinia virus renaissance<subtitle>New vaccine and immunotherapeutic uses after smallpox eradication</subtitle> |
| title_full_unstemmed | A vaccinia virus renaissance<subtitle>New vaccine and immunotherapeutic uses after smallpox eradication</subtitle> |
| title_short | A vaccinia virus renaissance<subtitle>New vaccine and immunotherapeutic uses after smallpox eradication</subtitle> |
| title_sort | vaccinia virus renaissance subtitle new vaccine and immunotherapeutic uses after smallpox eradication subtitle |
| topic | cancer immunotherapy oncolytic cancer therapy smallpox vaccines vaccinia virus viral vectors |
| url | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.4161/hv.21080 |
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