Study on Enzyme Activity and Metabolomics during Culture of Liquid Spawn of <i>Floccularia luteovirens</i>
To comprehensively investigate the physiological characteristics and metabolic processes of the mycelium of <i>Floccularia luteovirens</i> (<i>F. luteovirens</i>), a wild edible fungus unique to the plateau region, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the mycelium enzyme acti...
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2024-08-01
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| author | Yanqing Ni Qiuhong Liao Siyuan Gou Tongjia Shi Wensheng Li Rencai Feng Zhiqiang Zhao Xu Zhao |
| author_facet | Yanqing Ni Qiuhong Liao Siyuan Gou Tongjia Shi Wensheng Li Rencai Feng Zhiqiang Zhao Xu Zhao |
| author_sort | Yanqing Ni |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | To comprehensively investigate the physiological characteristics and metabolic processes of the mycelium of <i>Floccularia luteovirens</i> (<i>F. luteovirens</i>), a wild edible fungus unique to the plateau region, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the mycelium enzyme activity and metabolites during different culture periods. The activity of seven enzymes all followed a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing. The intra- and extracellular activity peaks of three hydrolases—amylase, protease, and cellulase—all occurred on the 20th day, except for the extracellular amylase, which peaked on the 15th day. In contrast, the peak activity of laccase occurred on the 10th day. Moreover, three types of oxidoreductases in the mycelium (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)-dehydrogenase (TTC-DH)) also exhibited significant changes in activity. CAT and SOD activity reached their maximum on the 20th day, whereas TTC-DH showed high activity on both the 10th and 20th days. Through a comprehensive assessment of the evolving trends of these physiological parameters, we determined that the optimal cultivation cycle for <i>F. luteovirens</i> liquid spawn is 20 days. An untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed that 3569 metabolites were detected in the <i>F. luteovirens</i> mycelium, including a variety of secondary metabolites and functional components, with terpenoids being particularly abundant, accounting for 148 types. By comparing three different culture stages (10 days, 20 days, and 30 days), 299, 291, and 381 metabolites, respectively, showed different accumulation patterns in the comparison groups of 10d vs. 20d, 20d vs. 30d, and 10d vs. 30d. These differential metabolites were primarily concentrated in carboxylic acids and their derivatives, fatty acyl groups, organic oxygen compounds, and lipid compounds. In addition, there were several amino acids whose abundance continued to grow during culturing. The metabolism of amino acids greatly affects mycelium growth and development. This research delineates the interplay between mycelium growth and metabolism, offering empirical support for a cultivation strategy for liquid <i>F. luteovirens</i>, and an exploration of its metabolites for potential applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fb2a5a69292e4aea95a617ec990a796e |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-08-01 |
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| series | Journal of Fungi |
| spelling | doaj-art-fb2a5a69292e4aea95a617ec990a796e2025-08-20T01:55:34ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2024-08-0110961810.3390/jof10090618Study on Enzyme Activity and Metabolomics during Culture of Liquid Spawn of <i>Floccularia luteovirens</i>Yanqing Ni0Qiuhong Liao1Siyuan Gou2Tongjia Shi3Wensheng Li4Rencai Feng5Zhiqiang Zhao6Xu Zhao7Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610299, ChinaInstitute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610299, ChinaInstitute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610299, ChinaCollege of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, ChinaInstitute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610299, ChinaCollege of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, ChinaZhuoni County Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Gannan 747600, ChinaInstitute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610299, ChinaTo comprehensively investigate the physiological characteristics and metabolic processes of the mycelium of <i>Floccularia luteovirens</i> (<i>F. luteovirens</i>), a wild edible fungus unique to the plateau region, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the mycelium enzyme activity and metabolites during different culture periods. The activity of seven enzymes all followed a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing. The intra- and extracellular activity peaks of three hydrolases—amylase, protease, and cellulase—all occurred on the 20th day, except for the extracellular amylase, which peaked on the 15th day. In contrast, the peak activity of laccase occurred on the 10th day. Moreover, three types of oxidoreductases in the mycelium (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)-dehydrogenase (TTC-DH)) also exhibited significant changes in activity. CAT and SOD activity reached their maximum on the 20th day, whereas TTC-DH showed high activity on both the 10th and 20th days. Through a comprehensive assessment of the evolving trends of these physiological parameters, we determined that the optimal cultivation cycle for <i>F. luteovirens</i> liquid spawn is 20 days. An untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed that 3569 metabolites were detected in the <i>F. luteovirens</i> mycelium, including a variety of secondary metabolites and functional components, with terpenoids being particularly abundant, accounting for 148 types. By comparing three different culture stages (10 days, 20 days, and 30 days), 299, 291, and 381 metabolites, respectively, showed different accumulation patterns in the comparison groups of 10d vs. 20d, 20d vs. 30d, and 10d vs. 30d. These differential metabolites were primarily concentrated in carboxylic acids and their derivatives, fatty acyl groups, organic oxygen compounds, and lipid compounds. In addition, there were several amino acids whose abundance continued to grow during culturing. The metabolism of amino acids greatly affects mycelium growth and development. This research delineates the interplay between mycelium growth and metabolism, offering empirical support for a cultivation strategy for liquid <i>F. luteovirens</i>, and an exploration of its metabolites for potential applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/10/9/618<i>Floccularia luteovirens</i>liquid spawnenzyme activitymetabolomics |
| spellingShingle | Yanqing Ni Qiuhong Liao Siyuan Gou Tongjia Shi Wensheng Li Rencai Feng Zhiqiang Zhao Xu Zhao Study on Enzyme Activity and Metabolomics during Culture of Liquid Spawn of <i>Floccularia luteovirens</i> Journal of Fungi <i>Floccularia luteovirens</i> liquid spawn enzyme activity metabolomics |
| title | Study on Enzyme Activity and Metabolomics during Culture of Liquid Spawn of <i>Floccularia luteovirens</i> |
| title_full | Study on Enzyme Activity and Metabolomics during Culture of Liquid Spawn of <i>Floccularia luteovirens</i> |
| title_fullStr | Study on Enzyme Activity and Metabolomics during Culture of Liquid Spawn of <i>Floccularia luteovirens</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Study on Enzyme Activity and Metabolomics during Culture of Liquid Spawn of <i>Floccularia luteovirens</i> |
| title_short | Study on Enzyme Activity and Metabolomics during Culture of Liquid Spawn of <i>Floccularia luteovirens</i> |
| title_sort | study on enzyme activity and metabolomics during culture of liquid spawn of i floccularia luteovirens i |
| topic | <i>Floccularia luteovirens</i> liquid spawn enzyme activity metabolomics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/10/9/618 |
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