Mother-fetus immunogenetic dialogue as a factor of progeny immune system development
Despite the advances in medicine, about 4 million children under the age of 6 months die annually around the world due to infection, which is 450 deaths per hour (UNISEF, 2009). The degree of development of the immune system of children born in time is determined by many factors, including the immun...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Vavilov Society of Geneticists and Breeders
2019-01-01
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| Series: | Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции |
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| Online Access: | https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1803 |
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| author | L. A. Gerlinskaya A. V. Varlachev G. I. Krotov G. V. Kontsevaya M. P. Moshkin |
| author_facet | L. A. Gerlinskaya A. V. Varlachev G. I. Krotov G. V. Kontsevaya M. P. Moshkin |
| author_sort | L. A. Gerlinskaya |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Despite the advances in medicine, about 4 million children under the age of 6 months die annually around the world due to infection, which is 450 deaths per hour (UNISEF, 2009). The degree of development of the immune system of children born in time is determined by many factors, including the immunogenetic similarity or difference of mother and fetus organisms, which, in turn, is due to the genotypes of mating pairs, as well as the selection of surrogate mothers during in vitro fertilization. From our review of the literature, it follows that immunogenetic interactions of mother and fetus organisms, which occur at all stages of pre- and postnatal development, have a signifcant effect on the resistance of offspring to infections and allergens. Before implantation, the mother’s immune responses are formed under the influence of semen fluid antigens, leukocytes and cytokines, as well as under the influence of the genes of the major histocompatibility complex, which are expressed in embryos at the stage of two cells. After implantation, transplacental transfer of immunoglobulins and immunocompetent cells becomes of immunomodulating importance. It is important to emphasize that, although substances with a high molecular weight usually do not pass through the placenta, this rule does not apply to immunoglobulin G (IgG), which, with a molecular weight of about 160 kDa, overcomes the transplacental barrier due to binding to the fetal Fc receptor. The level of IgG in newborns usually correlates with the level of maternal antibodies. During the period of natural feeding, the immune protection of newborns is provided by the mechanisms of innate immunity and the factors of humoral immunity of mothers. It has been shown that immunoglobulins from the milk of many animal species are transferred through the neonatal intestinal epithelium to the blood. Since breast milk contains large amounts of various immunoactive components, including proteins, cytokines, hormones, immunoglobulins, exosomes containing micro-RNA, and viable immune cells, the immunomodulating effects of breast milk persist even after elimination of maternal immunoglobulins from the blood of the offspring, up to maturation. Analysis of a large body of experimental data shows that the study of mechanisms of “motherfetus” and “mother-newborn” interactions are the basis of a knowledge base needed to fnd means of life-long directed modulation of the descendants’ immune status. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fb1d140e9af545e0884a18300fb20b0c |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2500-3259 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2019-01-01 |
| publisher | Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Vavilov Society of Geneticists and Breeders |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции |
| spelling | doaj-art-fb1d140e9af545e0884a18300fb20b0c2025-02-01T09:58:06ZengSiberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Vavilov Society of Geneticists and BreedersВавиловский журнал генетики и селекции2500-32592019-01-012281009101910.18699/VJ18.444851Mother-fetus immunogenetic dialogue as a factor of progeny immune system developmentL. A. Gerlinskaya0A. V. Varlachev1G. I. Krotov2G. V. Kontsevaya3M. P. Moshkin4Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RASFoundation for Advanced StudiesFoundation for Advanced StudiesInstitute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RASInstitute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RASDespite the advances in medicine, about 4 million children under the age of 6 months die annually around the world due to infection, which is 450 deaths per hour (UNISEF, 2009). The degree of development of the immune system of children born in time is determined by many factors, including the immunogenetic similarity or difference of mother and fetus organisms, which, in turn, is due to the genotypes of mating pairs, as well as the selection of surrogate mothers during in vitro fertilization. From our review of the literature, it follows that immunogenetic interactions of mother and fetus organisms, which occur at all stages of pre- and postnatal development, have a signifcant effect on the resistance of offspring to infections and allergens. Before implantation, the mother’s immune responses are formed under the influence of semen fluid antigens, leukocytes and cytokines, as well as under the influence of the genes of the major histocompatibility complex, which are expressed in embryos at the stage of two cells. After implantation, transplacental transfer of immunoglobulins and immunocompetent cells becomes of immunomodulating importance. It is important to emphasize that, although substances with a high molecular weight usually do not pass through the placenta, this rule does not apply to immunoglobulin G (IgG), which, with a molecular weight of about 160 kDa, overcomes the transplacental barrier due to binding to the fetal Fc receptor. The level of IgG in newborns usually correlates with the level of maternal antibodies. During the period of natural feeding, the immune protection of newborns is provided by the mechanisms of innate immunity and the factors of humoral immunity of mothers. It has been shown that immunoglobulins from the milk of many animal species are transferred through the neonatal intestinal epithelium to the blood. Since breast milk contains large amounts of various immunoactive components, including proteins, cytokines, hormones, immunoglobulins, exosomes containing micro-RNA, and viable immune cells, the immunomodulating effects of breast milk persist even after elimination of maternal immunoglobulins from the blood of the offspring, up to maturation. Analysis of a large body of experimental data shows that the study of mechanisms of “motherfetus” and “mother-newborn” interactions are the basis of a knowledge base needed to fnd means of life-long directed modulation of the descendants’ immune status.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1803pregnancyimmunoregulatory mechanismsdevelopment programmingimmune factorsendocrine factorstransplacental transferimmune complexesbreastfeeding |
| spellingShingle | L. A. Gerlinskaya A. V. Varlachev G. I. Krotov G. V. Kontsevaya M. P. Moshkin Mother-fetus immunogenetic dialogue as a factor of progeny immune system development Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции pregnancy immunoregulatory mechanisms development programming immune factors endocrine factors transplacental transfer immune complexes breastfeeding |
| title | Mother-fetus immunogenetic dialogue as a factor of progeny immune system development |
| title_full | Mother-fetus immunogenetic dialogue as a factor of progeny immune system development |
| title_fullStr | Mother-fetus immunogenetic dialogue as a factor of progeny immune system development |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mother-fetus immunogenetic dialogue as a factor of progeny immune system development |
| title_short | Mother-fetus immunogenetic dialogue as a factor of progeny immune system development |
| title_sort | mother fetus immunogenetic dialogue as a factor of progeny immune system development |
| topic | pregnancy immunoregulatory mechanisms development programming immune factors endocrine factors transplacental transfer immune complexes breastfeeding |
| url | https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1803 |
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