Creatine transporter (SLC6A8) knockout mice exhibit reduced muscle performance, disrupted mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis, and severe muscle atrophy

Abstract Creatine (Cr) is essential for cellular energy homeostasis, particularly in muscle and brain tissues. Creatine Transporter Deficiency (CTD), an X-linked disorder caused by mutations in the SLC6A8 gene, disrupts Cr transport, leading to intellectual disability, speech delay, autism, epilepsy...

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Main Authors: Irene Pertici, Donato D’Angelo, Denis Vecellio Reane, Massimo Reconditi, Ilaria Morotti, Elena Putignano, Debora Napoli, Giorgia Rastelli, Gaia Gherardi, Agnese De Mario, Rosario Rizzuto, Simona Boncompagni, Laura Baroncelli, Marco Linari, Marco Caremani, Anna Raffaello
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Publishing Group 2025-02-01
Series:Cell Death and Disease
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-025-07381-x
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author Irene Pertici
Donato D’Angelo
Denis Vecellio Reane
Massimo Reconditi
Ilaria Morotti
Elena Putignano
Debora Napoli
Giorgia Rastelli
Gaia Gherardi
Agnese De Mario
Rosario Rizzuto
Simona Boncompagni
Laura Baroncelli
Marco Linari
Marco Caremani
Anna Raffaello
author_facet Irene Pertici
Donato D’Angelo
Denis Vecellio Reane
Massimo Reconditi
Ilaria Morotti
Elena Putignano
Debora Napoli
Giorgia Rastelli
Gaia Gherardi
Agnese De Mario
Rosario Rizzuto
Simona Boncompagni
Laura Baroncelli
Marco Linari
Marco Caremani
Anna Raffaello
author_sort Irene Pertici
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Creatine (Cr) is essential for cellular energy homeostasis, particularly in muscle and brain tissues. Creatine Transporter Deficiency (CTD), an X-linked disorder caused by mutations in the SLC6A8 gene, disrupts Cr transport, leading to intellectual disability, speech delay, autism, epilepsy, and various non-neurological symptoms. In addition to neurological alterations, Creatine Transporter knockout (CrT−/y) mice exhibit severe muscle atrophy and functional impairments. This study provides the first characterization of the skeletal muscle phenotype in CrT−/y mice, revealing profound ultrastructural abnormalities accompanied by reduced fiber cross-sectional area and muscle performance. Notably, mitochondria are involved, as evidenced by disrupted cristae, increased mitochondrial size, impaired Ca2+ uptake, reduced membrane potential and ATP production. Mechanistically, the expression of atrophy-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases and suppression of the IGF1-Akt/PKB pathway, regulated by mitochondrial Ca2+ levels, further support the atrophic phenotype. These findings highlight the profound impact of Cr deficiency on skeletal muscle, emphasizing the need for targeted therapeutic strategies to address both the neurological and peripheral manifestations of CTD. Understanding the underlying mechanisms, particularly mitochondrial dysfunction, could lead to novel interventions for this disorder.
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spelling doaj-art-faadfc1c76ca4973b49fe7f30b5b90022025-08-20T02:48:16ZengNature Publishing GroupCell Death and Disease2041-48892025-02-0116111310.1038/s41419-025-07381-xCreatine transporter (SLC6A8) knockout mice exhibit reduced muscle performance, disrupted mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis, and severe muscle atrophyIrene Pertici0Donato D’Angelo1Denis Vecellio Reane2Massimo Reconditi3Ilaria Morotti4Elena Putignano5Debora Napoli6Giorgia Rastelli7Gaia Gherardi8Agnese De Mario9Rosario Rizzuto10Simona Boncompagni11Laura Baroncelli12Marco Linari13Marco Caremani14Anna Raffaello15PhysioLab (Department of Biology and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine), University of FlorenceDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of PadovaInstitute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum MunichPhysioLab (Department of Biology and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine), University of FlorencePhysioLab (Department of Biology and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine), University of FlorenceInstitute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR)Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR)Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. D’Annunzio of Chieti-PescaraDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of PadovaDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of PadovaDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of PadovaCenter for Advanced Studies and Technology, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. D’Annunzio of Chieti-PescaraInstitute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR)PhysioLab (Department of Biology and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine), University of FlorencePhysioLab (Department of Biology and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine), University of FlorenceDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of PadovaAbstract Creatine (Cr) is essential for cellular energy homeostasis, particularly in muscle and brain tissues. Creatine Transporter Deficiency (CTD), an X-linked disorder caused by mutations in the SLC6A8 gene, disrupts Cr transport, leading to intellectual disability, speech delay, autism, epilepsy, and various non-neurological symptoms. In addition to neurological alterations, Creatine Transporter knockout (CrT−/y) mice exhibit severe muscle atrophy and functional impairments. This study provides the first characterization of the skeletal muscle phenotype in CrT−/y mice, revealing profound ultrastructural abnormalities accompanied by reduced fiber cross-sectional area and muscle performance. Notably, mitochondria are involved, as evidenced by disrupted cristae, increased mitochondrial size, impaired Ca2+ uptake, reduced membrane potential and ATP production. Mechanistically, the expression of atrophy-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases and suppression of the IGF1-Akt/PKB pathway, regulated by mitochondrial Ca2+ levels, further support the atrophic phenotype. These findings highlight the profound impact of Cr deficiency on skeletal muscle, emphasizing the need for targeted therapeutic strategies to address both the neurological and peripheral manifestations of CTD. Understanding the underlying mechanisms, particularly mitochondrial dysfunction, could lead to novel interventions for this disorder.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-025-07381-x
spellingShingle Irene Pertici
Donato D’Angelo
Denis Vecellio Reane
Massimo Reconditi
Ilaria Morotti
Elena Putignano
Debora Napoli
Giorgia Rastelli
Gaia Gherardi
Agnese De Mario
Rosario Rizzuto
Simona Boncompagni
Laura Baroncelli
Marco Linari
Marco Caremani
Anna Raffaello
Creatine transporter (SLC6A8) knockout mice exhibit reduced muscle performance, disrupted mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis, and severe muscle atrophy
Cell Death and Disease
title Creatine transporter (SLC6A8) knockout mice exhibit reduced muscle performance, disrupted mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis, and severe muscle atrophy
title_full Creatine transporter (SLC6A8) knockout mice exhibit reduced muscle performance, disrupted mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis, and severe muscle atrophy
title_fullStr Creatine transporter (SLC6A8) knockout mice exhibit reduced muscle performance, disrupted mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis, and severe muscle atrophy
title_full_unstemmed Creatine transporter (SLC6A8) knockout mice exhibit reduced muscle performance, disrupted mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis, and severe muscle atrophy
title_short Creatine transporter (SLC6A8) knockout mice exhibit reduced muscle performance, disrupted mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis, and severe muscle atrophy
title_sort creatine transporter slc6a8 knockout mice exhibit reduced muscle performance disrupted mitochondrial ca2 homeostasis and severe muscle atrophy
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-025-07381-x
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