Design of Geraniol-Loaded Nanocapsules for Use Against <i>Salmonella</i> Infantis: Evaluation in an In Vitro Poultry Model
<b>Background/Objectives</b><i>: Salmonella</i> Infantis (<i>S</i>. Infantis) is a bacterium that has gained importance in public health over the last decade due to its high pathogenicity and resistance to antibiotics. Therefore, the objective of the present study...
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2025-06-01
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| author | Karla S. Garcia-Salazar Hector J. Leon-Solano Jesus A. Maguey-Gonzalez Juan D. Latorre Raquel López-Arellano Elvia A. Morales Hipólito Roberto Díaz-Torres Miguel Morales Rodríguez Alma Vázquez-Durán Guillermo Tellez-Isaias Abraham Méndez-Albores Bruno Solis-Cruz Daniel Hernandez-Patlan |
| author_facet | Karla S. Garcia-Salazar Hector J. Leon-Solano Jesus A. Maguey-Gonzalez Juan D. Latorre Raquel López-Arellano Elvia A. Morales Hipólito Roberto Díaz-Torres Miguel Morales Rodríguez Alma Vázquez-Durán Guillermo Tellez-Isaias Abraham Méndez-Albores Bruno Solis-Cruz Daniel Hernandez-Patlan |
| author_sort | Karla S. Garcia-Salazar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Background/Objectives</b><i>: Salmonella</i> Infantis (<i>S</i>. Infantis) is a bacterium that has gained importance in public health over the last decade due to its high pathogenicity and resistance to antibiotics. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to present key considerations for the design and development of geraniol-loaded nanocapsules for its delivery in the drinking water or feed of broiler chickens and to evaluate its potential as an antimicrobial agent against <i>S</i>. Infantis using a standard in vitro microplate assay and a model that simulates the pH and feed conditions of the crop of broiler chickens. <b>Methods</b>: Using a 3<sup>k</sup> factorial experimental design, geraniol nanocapsule-based formulations were selected, and their antimicrobial activity was evaluated in in vitro models. <b>Results</b>: The results demonstrated that geraniol alone exhibits antimicrobial action against <i>S</i>. Infantis mainly due to its lipophilicity, hydrophobicity and the presence of the hydroxyl group found in its chemical structure, but when formulated in nanocapsular systems, the interaction of its components tends to reduce its antimicrobial action, especially the mixture of Tween 80:Span 80 and Miglyol<sup>®</sup> 810N. Furthermore, the use of the in vitro model that simulates the crop of broiler chickens demonstrated that the formulation also has interactions with the feed components, completely nullifying the antimicrobial action of geraniol compared to that obtained in the in vitro microplate model. <b>Conclusions</b>: Preformulation studies during the development of nanocapsule-based formulations should be considered for the correct selection of the components of a formulation to ensure its effectiveness, without only considering the physicochemical and stability properties of these as is frequently seen in studies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fa0b6ffc9d984bb0b7ea85f219b6f568 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1999-4923 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Pharmaceutics |
| spelling | doaj-art-fa0b6ffc9d984bb0b7ea85f219b6f5682025-08-20T03:08:06ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232025-06-0117784010.3390/pharmaceutics17070840Design of Geraniol-Loaded Nanocapsules for Use Against <i>Salmonella</i> Infantis: Evaluation in an In Vitro Poultry ModelKarla S. Garcia-Salazar0Hector J. Leon-Solano1Jesus A. Maguey-Gonzalez2Juan D. Latorre3Raquel López-Arellano4Elvia A. Morales Hipólito5Roberto Díaz-Torres6Miguel Morales Rodríguez7Alma Vázquez-Durán8Guillermo Tellez-Isaias9Abraham Méndez-Albores10Bruno Solis-Cruz11Daniel Hernandez-Patlan12Nanotechnology Engineering Division, Polytechnic University of the Valley of Mexico, Tultitlan 54910, MexicoNanotechnology Engineering Division, Polytechnic University of the Valley of Mexico, Tultitlan 54910, MexicoDivision of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USADivision of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USALaboratory 5: Laboratorio de Ensayos de Desarrollo Farmacéutico, Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Superior Studies Faculty at Cuautitlan (FESC), National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, MexicoLaboratory 5: Laboratorio de Ensayos de Desarrollo Farmacéutico, Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Superior Studies Faculty at Cuautitlan (FESC), National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, MexicoMultidisciplinary Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan Km. 2.5, San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, MexicoDepartamento de Sistemas de Información y Comunicaciones, División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana—Unidad Lerma, Lerma de Villada 52005, MexicoUnidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14-A1 (Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán (FESC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, MexicoGut Healt LLC, Fayetteville, AR 72703, USAUnidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14-A1 (Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán (FESC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, MexicoNanotechnology Engineering Division, Polytechnic University of the Valley of Mexico, Tultitlan 54910, MexicoNanotechnology Engineering Division, Polytechnic University of the Valley of Mexico, Tultitlan 54910, Mexico<b>Background/Objectives</b><i>: Salmonella</i> Infantis (<i>S</i>. Infantis) is a bacterium that has gained importance in public health over the last decade due to its high pathogenicity and resistance to antibiotics. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to present key considerations for the design and development of geraniol-loaded nanocapsules for its delivery in the drinking water or feed of broiler chickens and to evaluate its potential as an antimicrobial agent against <i>S</i>. Infantis using a standard in vitro microplate assay and a model that simulates the pH and feed conditions of the crop of broiler chickens. <b>Methods</b>: Using a 3<sup>k</sup> factorial experimental design, geraniol nanocapsule-based formulations were selected, and their antimicrobial activity was evaluated in in vitro models. <b>Results</b>: The results demonstrated that geraniol alone exhibits antimicrobial action against <i>S</i>. Infantis mainly due to its lipophilicity, hydrophobicity and the presence of the hydroxyl group found in its chemical structure, but when formulated in nanocapsular systems, the interaction of its components tends to reduce its antimicrobial action, especially the mixture of Tween 80:Span 80 and Miglyol<sup>®</sup> 810N. Furthermore, the use of the in vitro model that simulates the crop of broiler chickens demonstrated that the formulation also has interactions with the feed components, completely nullifying the antimicrobial action of geraniol compared to that obtained in the in vitro microplate model. <b>Conclusions</b>: Preformulation studies during the development of nanocapsule-based formulations should be considered for the correct selection of the components of a formulation to ensure its effectiveness, without only considering the physicochemical and stability properties of these as is frequently seen in studies.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/17/7/840geraniolsolvent-free polymeric nanocapsules<i>Salmonella</i> Infantisantimicrobial effectinteraction studiesFTIR-ATR |
| spellingShingle | Karla S. Garcia-Salazar Hector J. Leon-Solano Jesus A. Maguey-Gonzalez Juan D. Latorre Raquel López-Arellano Elvia A. Morales Hipólito Roberto Díaz-Torres Miguel Morales Rodríguez Alma Vázquez-Durán Guillermo Tellez-Isaias Abraham Méndez-Albores Bruno Solis-Cruz Daniel Hernandez-Patlan Design of Geraniol-Loaded Nanocapsules for Use Against <i>Salmonella</i> Infantis: Evaluation in an In Vitro Poultry Model Pharmaceutics geraniol solvent-free polymeric nanocapsules <i>Salmonella</i> Infantis antimicrobial effect interaction studies FTIR-ATR |
| title | Design of Geraniol-Loaded Nanocapsules for Use Against <i>Salmonella</i> Infantis: Evaluation in an In Vitro Poultry Model |
| title_full | Design of Geraniol-Loaded Nanocapsules for Use Against <i>Salmonella</i> Infantis: Evaluation in an In Vitro Poultry Model |
| title_fullStr | Design of Geraniol-Loaded Nanocapsules for Use Against <i>Salmonella</i> Infantis: Evaluation in an In Vitro Poultry Model |
| title_full_unstemmed | Design of Geraniol-Loaded Nanocapsules for Use Against <i>Salmonella</i> Infantis: Evaluation in an In Vitro Poultry Model |
| title_short | Design of Geraniol-Loaded Nanocapsules for Use Against <i>Salmonella</i> Infantis: Evaluation in an In Vitro Poultry Model |
| title_sort | design of geraniol loaded nanocapsules for use against i salmonella i infantis evaluation in an in vitro poultry model |
| topic | geraniol solvent-free polymeric nanocapsules <i>Salmonella</i> Infantis antimicrobial effect interaction studies FTIR-ATR |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/17/7/840 |
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