In vitro and in vivo study on the effects of nutritive media compared with water on the resuscitation of a live attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine

In this study, a commercially available Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine (Vaxsafe ST) reconstituted in either water or nutrient broth, was tested to understand its effects on the in vitro invasion of Caco-2 cells and its transcriptional regulation post-reconstitution. Over time, the invasiveness of Va...

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Main Authors: Siyuan Jia, Andrea R. McWhorter, Samiullah Khan, Daniel M. Andrews, Gregory J. Underwood, Kapil K. Chousalkar
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2025-12-01
Series:Veterinary Quarterly
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Online Access:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/01652176.2025.2485480
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author Siyuan Jia
Andrea R. McWhorter
Samiullah Khan
Daniel M. Andrews
Gregory J. Underwood
Kapil K. Chousalkar
author_facet Siyuan Jia
Andrea R. McWhorter
Samiullah Khan
Daniel M. Andrews
Gregory J. Underwood
Kapil K. Chousalkar
author_sort Siyuan Jia
collection DOAJ
description In this study, a commercially available Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine (Vaxsafe ST) reconstituted in either water or nutrient broth, was tested to understand its effects on the in vitro invasion of Caco-2 cells and its transcriptional regulation post-reconstitution. Over time, the invasiveness of Vaxsafe ST was significantly higher following reconstitution in nutrient broth compared with water. Incubation temperature post-reconstitution did not significantly affect the invasion rate. Transcriptome data showed that Vaxsafe ST reconstituted in nutrient broth upregulated genes involved in the two-component system and flagella activity pathways; however, genes involved in host colonization and invasion were unaltered. Genes involved in host colonization and invasion were downregulated after reconstitution in water. Vaxsafe ST reconstituted in a nutritive diluent improved the metabolic activities of the vaccine. The animal experiment demonstrated that vaccine colonization was significantly higher in caeca compared with ileum irrespective of the diluent. Incubating the vaccine in nutrient broth for 30 min before administration did not significantly increase its colonization or organ invasion in chicks. Overall, the findings support the use of nutritive media for the reconstitution of Vaxsafe ST, warranting further investigation to optimize vaccine performance. This study provides a foundation for future work on vaccine reconstitution strategies.
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spelling doaj-art-f863ff86ea2e404ebafaff842f5ed3b42025-08-20T02:11:37ZengTaylor & Francis GroupVeterinary Quarterly0165-21761875-59412025-12-0145111010.1080/01652176.2025.2485480In vitro and in vivo study on the effects of nutritive media compared with water on the resuscitation of a live attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium vaccineSiyuan Jia0Andrea R. McWhorter1Samiullah Khan2Daniel M. Andrews3Gregory J. Underwood4Kapil K. Chousalkar5School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, AustraliaSchool of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, AustraliaSchool of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, AustraliaBioproperties Pty Ltd, Ringwood, AustraliaBioproperties Pty Ltd, Ringwood, AustraliaSchool of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, AustraliaIn this study, a commercially available Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine (Vaxsafe ST) reconstituted in either water or nutrient broth, was tested to understand its effects on the in vitro invasion of Caco-2 cells and its transcriptional regulation post-reconstitution. Over time, the invasiveness of Vaxsafe ST was significantly higher following reconstitution in nutrient broth compared with water. Incubation temperature post-reconstitution did not significantly affect the invasion rate. Transcriptome data showed that Vaxsafe ST reconstituted in nutrient broth upregulated genes involved in the two-component system and flagella activity pathways; however, genes involved in host colonization and invasion were unaltered. Genes involved in host colonization and invasion were downregulated after reconstitution in water. Vaxsafe ST reconstituted in a nutritive diluent improved the metabolic activities of the vaccine. The animal experiment demonstrated that vaccine colonization was significantly higher in caeca compared with ileum irrespective of the diluent. Incubating the vaccine in nutrient broth for 30 min before administration did not significantly increase its colonization or organ invasion in chicks. Overall, the findings support the use of nutritive media for the reconstitution of Vaxsafe ST, warranting further investigation to optimize vaccine performance. This study provides a foundation for future work on vaccine reconstitution strategies.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/01652176.2025.2485480Salmonella Typhimuriumlayer henvaccinationRNA-Seqin vivo colonization
spellingShingle Siyuan Jia
Andrea R. McWhorter
Samiullah Khan
Daniel M. Andrews
Gregory J. Underwood
Kapil K. Chousalkar
In vitro and in vivo study on the effects of nutritive media compared with water on the resuscitation of a live attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine
Veterinary Quarterly
Salmonella Typhimurium
layer hen
vaccination
RNA-Seq
in vivo colonization
title In vitro and in vivo study on the effects of nutritive media compared with water on the resuscitation of a live attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine
title_full In vitro and in vivo study on the effects of nutritive media compared with water on the resuscitation of a live attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine
title_fullStr In vitro and in vivo study on the effects of nutritive media compared with water on the resuscitation of a live attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine
title_full_unstemmed In vitro and in vivo study on the effects of nutritive media compared with water on the resuscitation of a live attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine
title_short In vitro and in vivo study on the effects of nutritive media compared with water on the resuscitation of a live attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine
title_sort in vitro and in vivo study on the effects of nutritive media compared with water on the resuscitation of a live attenuated salmonella typhimurium vaccine
topic Salmonella Typhimurium
layer hen
vaccination
RNA-Seq
in vivo colonization
url https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/01652176.2025.2485480
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