Study on the effect of ammonium (NH4 +) as impurity and seed ratio on batch cooling crystallization of nickel sulfate hexahydrate
Abstract This research examines the influence of NH4 + impurities and seed ratio on growth mechanisms and characteristics of nickel sulfate hexahydrate in batch cooling crystallization. The kinetic behavior, thermal properties, and functional groups were also studied under the influence of NH4 + imp...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Nature Portfolio
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-02138-0 |
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| author | Mohammad Wahyu Andriyan Jianguang Yang Kaihua Xu Yi Hu Tianxiang Nan Lian Liu Qing Yu |
| author_facet | Mohammad Wahyu Andriyan Jianguang Yang Kaihua Xu Yi Hu Tianxiang Nan Lian Liu Qing Yu |
| author_sort | Mohammad Wahyu Andriyan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract This research examines the influence of NH4 + impurities and seed ratio on growth mechanisms and characteristics of nickel sulfate hexahydrate in batch cooling crystallization. The kinetic behavior, thermal properties, and functional groups were also studied under the influence of NH4 + impurities. At low concentrations of impurities, competing process between Ni2+ and NH4 + ions to bind with SO4 2− causes the crystal output yield and growth rate to decrease and the crystallization activation energy increases. At high concentrations of impurities, NH4 + ions incorporate into crystal structure and produce double salt (NH4)2Ni(SO4)2 6H2O. The formation of double salt causes the crystal output yield and growth rate to increase and the crystallization activation energy decreases. The presence of NH4 + ions, whether in low or high concentrations, induces structural distortion in the crystal lattice and the crystals could exhibit heat stability up to 80 °C. Furthermore, crystal growth mechanisms can change significantly affected by NH4 + impurities rather than seed ratio. Impurity tends to attach to the crystal when the impurity concentration is low and impurity can be incorporated when the concentration is high. The seed ratio significantly increases crystal output yield and slightly increases crystal purity. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-f76aec1c8b324014858b8a19cb4e4b8e |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-f76aec1c8b324014858b8a19cb4e4b8e2025-08-20T02:03:31ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-05-0115111310.1038/s41598-025-02138-0Study on the effect of ammonium (NH4 +) as impurity and seed ratio on batch cooling crystallization of nickel sulfate hexahydrateMohammad Wahyu Andriyan0Jianguang Yang1Kaihua Xu2Yi Hu3Tianxiang Nan4Lian Liu5Qing Yu6School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South UniversitySchool of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South UniversityGEM Co., Ltd.GEM Co., Ltd.School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and TechnologyGEM Co., Ltd.GEM Co., Ltd.Abstract This research examines the influence of NH4 + impurities and seed ratio on growth mechanisms and characteristics of nickel sulfate hexahydrate in batch cooling crystallization. The kinetic behavior, thermal properties, and functional groups were also studied under the influence of NH4 + impurities. At low concentrations of impurities, competing process between Ni2+ and NH4 + ions to bind with SO4 2− causes the crystal output yield and growth rate to decrease and the crystallization activation energy increases. At high concentrations of impurities, NH4 + ions incorporate into crystal structure and produce double salt (NH4)2Ni(SO4)2 6H2O. The formation of double salt causes the crystal output yield and growth rate to increase and the crystallization activation energy decreases. The presence of NH4 + ions, whether in low or high concentrations, induces structural distortion in the crystal lattice and the crystals could exhibit heat stability up to 80 °C. Furthermore, crystal growth mechanisms can change significantly affected by NH4 + impurities rather than seed ratio. Impurity tends to attach to the crystal when the impurity concentration is low and impurity can be incorporated when the concentration is high. The seed ratio significantly increases crystal output yield and slightly increases crystal purity.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-02138-0 |
| spellingShingle | Mohammad Wahyu Andriyan Jianguang Yang Kaihua Xu Yi Hu Tianxiang Nan Lian Liu Qing Yu Study on the effect of ammonium (NH4 +) as impurity and seed ratio on batch cooling crystallization of nickel sulfate hexahydrate Scientific Reports |
| title | Study on the effect of ammonium (NH4 +) as impurity and seed ratio on batch cooling crystallization of nickel sulfate hexahydrate |
| title_full | Study on the effect of ammonium (NH4 +) as impurity and seed ratio on batch cooling crystallization of nickel sulfate hexahydrate |
| title_fullStr | Study on the effect of ammonium (NH4 +) as impurity and seed ratio on batch cooling crystallization of nickel sulfate hexahydrate |
| title_full_unstemmed | Study on the effect of ammonium (NH4 +) as impurity and seed ratio on batch cooling crystallization of nickel sulfate hexahydrate |
| title_short | Study on the effect of ammonium (NH4 +) as impurity and seed ratio on batch cooling crystallization of nickel sulfate hexahydrate |
| title_sort | study on the effect of ammonium nh4 as impurity and seed ratio on batch cooling crystallization of nickel sulfate hexahydrate |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-02138-0 |
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