Design and Analysis of Smart Reconstruction Plate for Wireless Monitoring of Bone Regeneration and Fracture Healing in Maxillofacial Reconstruction Applications

In Maxillofacial Reconstruction Applications (MRA), nonunion is one of the critical complications after the reconstruction process and fracture treatment, including bone grafts and vascularized flap. Nonunion describes the failure of a fractured bone to heal and mend after an extended period. Differ...

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Main Authors: Shahrokh Hatefi, Farouk Smith, Kayla Auld, Stefan Van Aardt
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Metrology
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8244/5/2/32
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author Shahrokh Hatefi
Farouk Smith
Kayla Auld
Stefan Van Aardt
author_facet Shahrokh Hatefi
Farouk Smith
Kayla Auld
Stefan Van Aardt
author_sort Shahrokh Hatefi
collection DOAJ
description In Maxillofacial Reconstruction Applications (MRA), nonunion is one of the critical complications after the reconstruction process and fracture treatment, including bone grafts and vascularized flap. Nonunion describes the failure of a fractured bone to heal and mend after an extended period. Different systems and methods have been developed to monitor bone regeneration and fracture healing during and after the treatment. However, the developed systems have limitations and are yet to be used in MRA. The proposed smart reconstruction plate is a microdevice that could be used in MRA for wireless monitoring of fracture healing by measuring the forces applied to the reconstruction plate. The device is wireless and can transmit the acquired data to a human–machine interface or an application. The designed system is small and suitable for use in MRA. The results of finite element analysis, as well as experimental verification, showed the functionality of the proposed system in measuring small changes on the surface strain of the reconstruction plate and determining the corresponding load. By using the proposed system, continuous monitoring of bone regeneration and fracture healing in oral and maxillofacial areas is possible.
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spelling doaj-art-f71f078385e1445fb2ccfbb93ecb4c8e2025-08-20T03:27:37ZengMDPI AGMetrology2673-82442025-06-01523210.3390/metrology5020032Design and Analysis of Smart Reconstruction Plate for Wireless Monitoring of Bone Regeneration and Fracture Healing in Maxillofacial Reconstruction ApplicationsShahrokh Hatefi0Farouk Smith1Kayla Auld2Stefan Van Aardt3Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Built Environment and Technology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6000, South AfricaDepartment of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Built Environment and Technology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6000, South AfricaDepartment of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Built Environment and Technology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6000, South AfricaDepartment of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Built Environment and Technology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6000, South AfricaIn Maxillofacial Reconstruction Applications (MRA), nonunion is one of the critical complications after the reconstruction process and fracture treatment, including bone grafts and vascularized flap. Nonunion describes the failure of a fractured bone to heal and mend after an extended period. Different systems and methods have been developed to monitor bone regeneration and fracture healing during and after the treatment. However, the developed systems have limitations and are yet to be used in MRA. The proposed smart reconstruction plate is a microdevice that could be used in MRA for wireless monitoring of fracture healing by measuring the forces applied to the reconstruction plate. The device is wireless and can transmit the acquired data to a human–machine interface or an application. The designed system is small and suitable for use in MRA. The results of finite element analysis, as well as experimental verification, showed the functionality of the proposed system in measuring small changes on the surface strain of the reconstruction plate and determining the corresponding load. By using the proposed system, continuous monitoring of bone regeneration and fracture healing in oral and maxillofacial areas is possible.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8244/5/2/32bone regenerationmandibular reconstructionfracture healing monitoringnonunionmedical device
spellingShingle Shahrokh Hatefi
Farouk Smith
Kayla Auld
Stefan Van Aardt
Design and Analysis of Smart Reconstruction Plate for Wireless Monitoring of Bone Regeneration and Fracture Healing in Maxillofacial Reconstruction Applications
Metrology
bone regeneration
mandibular reconstruction
fracture healing monitoring
nonunion
medical device
title Design and Analysis of Smart Reconstruction Plate for Wireless Monitoring of Bone Regeneration and Fracture Healing in Maxillofacial Reconstruction Applications
title_full Design and Analysis of Smart Reconstruction Plate for Wireless Monitoring of Bone Regeneration and Fracture Healing in Maxillofacial Reconstruction Applications
title_fullStr Design and Analysis of Smart Reconstruction Plate for Wireless Monitoring of Bone Regeneration and Fracture Healing in Maxillofacial Reconstruction Applications
title_full_unstemmed Design and Analysis of Smart Reconstruction Plate for Wireless Monitoring of Bone Regeneration and Fracture Healing in Maxillofacial Reconstruction Applications
title_short Design and Analysis of Smart Reconstruction Plate for Wireless Monitoring of Bone Regeneration and Fracture Healing in Maxillofacial Reconstruction Applications
title_sort design and analysis of smart reconstruction plate for wireless monitoring of bone regeneration and fracture healing in maxillofacial reconstruction applications
topic bone regeneration
mandibular reconstruction
fracture healing monitoring
nonunion
medical device
url https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8244/5/2/32
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