Modelling spectra of hot alkali vapour in the saturation regime
Laser spectroscopy of hot atomic vapours has been studied extensively. Theoretical models that predict the absolute value of the electric susceptibility are crucial for optimising the design of photonic devices that use hot vapours, and for extracting parameters, such as external fields, when these...
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IOP Publishing
2025-01-01
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| Series: | New Journal of Physics |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/adb77c |
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| author | Daniel R Häupl Clare R Higgins Danielle Pizzey Jack D Briscoe Steven A Wrathmall Ifan G Hughes Robert Löw Nicolas Y Joly |
| author_facet | Daniel R Häupl Clare R Higgins Danielle Pizzey Jack D Briscoe Steven A Wrathmall Ifan G Hughes Robert Löw Nicolas Y Joly |
| author_sort | Daniel R Häupl |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Laser spectroscopy of hot atomic vapours has been studied extensively. Theoretical models that predict the absolute value of the electric susceptibility are crucial for optimising the design of photonic devices that use hot vapours, and for extracting parameters, such as external fields, when these devices are used as sensors. To date, most of the models developed have been restricted to the weak-probe regime. However, fulfilling the weak-probe power constraint may not always be easy, desired or necessary. Here we present a model for simulating the spectra of alkali-metal vapours for a variety of experimental parameters, most distinctly at intensities beyond weak laser fields. The model incorporates optical pumping effects and transit-time broadening. We test the performance of the model by performing spectroscopy of ^87 Rb in a magnetic field of 0.6 T, where isolated atomic resonances can be addressed. We find very good agreement between the model and data for three different beam diameters and a variation of intensity of over five orders of magnitude. The non-overlapping absorption lines allow us to differentiate the saturation behaviour of open and closed transitions. While our model was only experimentally verified for the D2 line of rubidium, the software is also capable of simulating spectra of rubidium, sodium, potassium and caesium over both D lines. |
| format | Article |
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| issn | 1367-2630 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
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| series | New Journal of Physics |
| spelling | doaj-art-f6f9f8d29f0b4c8caadf998f760155a52025-08-20T02:59:08ZengIOP PublishingNew Journal of Physics1367-26302025-01-0127303300310.1088/1367-2630/adb77cModelling spectra of hot alkali vapour in the saturation regimeDaniel R Häupl0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2446-4307Clare R Higgins1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9835-8478Danielle Pizzey2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9025-8608Jack D Briscoe3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8878-0528Steven A Wrathmall4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1770-9721Ifan G Hughes5https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6322-6435Robert Löw6Nicolas Y Joly7https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9654-4624University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Staudtstraße 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Staudtstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, GermanyDepartment of Physics, Durham University , South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United KingdomDepartment of Physics, Durham University , South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United KingdomDepartment of Physics, Durham University , South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United KingdomDepartment of Physics, Durham University , South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United KingdomDepartment of Physics, Durham University , South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom5th Physical Institute, University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, GermanyUniversity of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Staudtstraße 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Staudtstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, GermanyLaser spectroscopy of hot atomic vapours has been studied extensively. Theoretical models that predict the absolute value of the electric susceptibility are crucial for optimising the design of photonic devices that use hot vapours, and for extracting parameters, such as external fields, when these devices are used as sensors. To date, most of the models developed have been restricted to the weak-probe regime. However, fulfilling the weak-probe power constraint may not always be easy, desired or necessary. Here we present a model for simulating the spectra of alkali-metal vapours for a variety of experimental parameters, most distinctly at intensities beyond weak laser fields. The model incorporates optical pumping effects and transit-time broadening. We test the performance of the model by performing spectroscopy of ^87 Rb in a magnetic field of 0.6 T, where isolated atomic resonances can be addressed. We find very good agreement between the model and data for three different beam diameters and a variation of intensity of over five orders of magnitude. The non-overlapping absorption lines allow us to differentiate the saturation behaviour of open and closed transitions. While our model was only experimentally verified for the D2 line of rubidium, the software is also capable of simulating spectra of rubidium, sodium, potassium and caesium over both D lines.https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/adb77catomic spectroscopyPaschen–Backatomic transitionsLindblad master equationcomputer modelsaturation intensity |
| spellingShingle | Daniel R Häupl Clare R Higgins Danielle Pizzey Jack D Briscoe Steven A Wrathmall Ifan G Hughes Robert Löw Nicolas Y Joly Modelling spectra of hot alkali vapour in the saturation regime New Journal of Physics atomic spectroscopy Paschen–Back atomic transitions Lindblad master equation computer model saturation intensity |
| title | Modelling spectra of hot alkali vapour in the saturation regime |
| title_full | Modelling spectra of hot alkali vapour in the saturation regime |
| title_fullStr | Modelling spectra of hot alkali vapour in the saturation regime |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modelling spectra of hot alkali vapour in the saturation regime |
| title_short | Modelling spectra of hot alkali vapour in the saturation regime |
| title_sort | modelling spectra of hot alkali vapour in the saturation regime |
| topic | atomic spectroscopy Paschen–Back atomic transitions Lindblad master equation computer model saturation intensity |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/adb77c |
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