Advancements in research to mitigate residual risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

Abstract Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Although low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels are well controlled by current therapies, the residual risk of ASCVD remains, and adverse cardiovascular events remain a major clinical problem...

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Main Authors: Fan Shi, Jinjin Dou, Xiwu Zhang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-08-01
Series:European Journal of Medical Research
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-025-03006-3
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author Fan Shi
Jinjin Dou
Xiwu Zhang
author_facet Fan Shi
Jinjin Dou
Xiwu Zhang
author_sort Fan Shi
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Although low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels are well controlled by current therapies, the residual risk of ASCVD remains, and adverse cardiovascular events remain a major clinical problem worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the sources of remaining risks and formulate targeted strategies to solve these problems. In recent years, the role of gut microbiota has been rediscovered, including trimethylamine N-oxides (TMAO), secondary bile acids, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which have been found to play a key role in the pathogenesis of ASCVD. New lipid-lowering therapeutic targets are currently under development, such as triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and lipoprotein(a). Other studies of novel therapeutic agents that target inflammatory pathways, the immune system, etc., are also seeking to address the residual risks associated with ASCVD. The purpose of this review is to evaluate residual risk factors and novel therapeutic strategies for ASCVD, with a focus on the most recent therapeutic advancements, mechanisms, and clinical treatments.
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spelling doaj-art-f6b9c0246d094cb7bb3417c7f2356b622025-08-20T04:01:56ZengBMCEuropean Journal of Medical Research2047-783X2025-08-0130111410.1186/s40001-025-03006-3Advancements in research to mitigate residual risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseaseFan Shi0Jinjin Dou1Xiwu Zhang2School of Heilongjiang, University of Chinese MedicineDepartment of Internal Medicine, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese MedicineSchool of Heilongjiang, University of Chinese MedicineAbstract Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Although low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels are well controlled by current therapies, the residual risk of ASCVD remains, and adverse cardiovascular events remain a major clinical problem worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the sources of remaining risks and formulate targeted strategies to solve these problems. In recent years, the role of gut microbiota has been rediscovered, including trimethylamine N-oxides (TMAO), secondary bile acids, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which have been found to play a key role in the pathogenesis of ASCVD. New lipid-lowering therapeutic targets are currently under development, such as triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and lipoprotein(a). Other studies of novel therapeutic agents that target inflammatory pathways, the immune system, etc., are also seeking to address the residual risks associated with ASCVD. The purpose of this review is to evaluate residual risk factors and novel therapeutic strategies for ASCVD, with a focus on the most recent therapeutic advancements, mechanisms, and clinical treatments.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-025-03006-3ASCVDResidual riskGut microbiotaNon-LDL-C lipid parametersInflammation
spellingShingle Fan Shi
Jinjin Dou
Xiwu Zhang
Advancements in research to mitigate residual risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
European Journal of Medical Research
ASCVD
Residual risk
Gut microbiota
Non-LDL-C lipid parameters
Inflammation
title Advancements in research to mitigate residual risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
title_full Advancements in research to mitigate residual risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
title_fullStr Advancements in research to mitigate residual risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
title_full_unstemmed Advancements in research to mitigate residual risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
title_short Advancements in research to mitigate residual risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
title_sort advancements in research to mitigate residual risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
topic ASCVD
Residual risk
Gut microbiota
Non-LDL-C lipid parameters
Inflammation
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-025-03006-3
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