Multi-metal oxide/N-doped reduced graphene oxide modified electrode for ultrasensitive determination of phenobarbital

Phenobarbital (PB) is known for its sedative and anticonvulsant characteristics, making it a critical agent for the management of epilepsy and seizure disorders. Considering its narrow therapeutical range, accurate monitoring of this drug is highly recommended to prevent side effects. Herein, we suc...

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Main Authors: Seyed Saman Nemati, Gholamreza Dehghan, Simin Khataee, Zohreh Shaghaghi
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-02-01
Series:Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214180424001028
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author Seyed Saman Nemati
Gholamreza Dehghan
Simin Khataee
Zohreh Shaghaghi
author_facet Seyed Saman Nemati
Gholamreza Dehghan
Simin Khataee
Zohreh Shaghaghi
author_sort Seyed Saman Nemati
collection DOAJ
description Phenobarbital (PB) is known for its sedative and anticonvulsant characteristics, making it a critical agent for the management of epilepsy and seizure disorders. Considering its narrow therapeutical range, accurate monitoring of this drug is highly recommended to prevent side effects. Herein, we successfully introduced trimetallic graphene oxide-based nanocomposite consisting of cerium oxide, nickel oxide, and copper oxide (III@N-rGO), which benefits the synergistic properties of each compound for electrochemical sensing applications. The structure of the nanostructures was evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope images (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Various electrochemical techniques were employed to investigate the sensor's electrocatalytic performance, following the carbon paste electrode's construction. The target electrode represented superior sensing efficiency, including a broad linear range of 0.1–840 μM, proper sensitivity of 1.389 ± 0.013 mA μM−1 cm−2, low detection limit of 9.10 ± 0.002 nM at the optimum potential of 0.72 V. Furthermore, III@N-rGO electrode illustrated good long-term stability, good reproducibility, and excellent selectivity. The results of recovery tests in human serum and pharmaceutical samples (94–106 %) with desired RSD values (below 3 %) demonstrated the practical applicability of the case-studied sensor. Hence, the proposed platform has the potential to serve as a promising model for PB detection.
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spelling doaj-art-f5c3adfdb8604f8ea3ff0d8884c9f6ce2025-08-20T02:52:21ZengElsevierSensing and Bio-Sensing Research2214-18042025-02-014710072010.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100720Multi-metal oxide/N-doped reduced graphene oxide modified electrode for ultrasensitive determination of phenobarbitalSeyed Saman Nemati0Gholamreza Dehghan1Simin Khataee2Zohreh Shaghaghi3Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, 51666−16471 Tabriz, IranLaboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, 51666−16471 Tabriz, Iran; Corresponding author.Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, 51666−16471 Tabriz, IranCoordination Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, IranPhenobarbital (PB) is known for its sedative and anticonvulsant characteristics, making it a critical agent for the management of epilepsy and seizure disorders. Considering its narrow therapeutical range, accurate monitoring of this drug is highly recommended to prevent side effects. Herein, we successfully introduced trimetallic graphene oxide-based nanocomposite consisting of cerium oxide, nickel oxide, and copper oxide (III@N-rGO), which benefits the synergistic properties of each compound for electrochemical sensing applications. The structure of the nanostructures was evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope images (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Various electrochemical techniques were employed to investigate the sensor's electrocatalytic performance, following the carbon paste electrode's construction. The target electrode represented superior sensing efficiency, including a broad linear range of 0.1–840 μM, proper sensitivity of 1.389 ± 0.013 mA μM−1 cm−2, low detection limit of 9.10 ± 0.002 nM at the optimum potential of 0.72 V. Furthermore, III@N-rGO electrode illustrated good long-term stability, good reproducibility, and excellent selectivity. The results of recovery tests in human serum and pharmaceutical samples (94–106 %) with desired RSD values (below 3 %) demonstrated the practical applicability of the case-studied sensor. Hence, the proposed platform has the potential to serve as a promising model for PB detection.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214180424001028Electrochemical sensorPhenobarbitalMetal oxideReduced graphene oxideNanocomposite
spellingShingle Seyed Saman Nemati
Gholamreza Dehghan
Simin Khataee
Zohreh Shaghaghi
Multi-metal oxide/N-doped reduced graphene oxide modified electrode for ultrasensitive determination of phenobarbital
Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research
Electrochemical sensor
Phenobarbital
Metal oxide
Reduced graphene oxide
Nanocomposite
title Multi-metal oxide/N-doped reduced graphene oxide modified electrode for ultrasensitive determination of phenobarbital
title_full Multi-metal oxide/N-doped reduced graphene oxide modified electrode for ultrasensitive determination of phenobarbital
title_fullStr Multi-metal oxide/N-doped reduced graphene oxide modified electrode for ultrasensitive determination of phenobarbital
title_full_unstemmed Multi-metal oxide/N-doped reduced graphene oxide modified electrode for ultrasensitive determination of phenobarbital
title_short Multi-metal oxide/N-doped reduced graphene oxide modified electrode for ultrasensitive determination of phenobarbital
title_sort multi metal oxide n doped reduced graphene oxide modified electrode for ultrasensitive determination of phenobarbital
topic Electrochemical sensor
Phenobarbital
Metal oxide
Reduced graphene oxide
Nanocomposite
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214180424001028
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AT siminkhataee multimetaloxidendopedreducedgrapheneoxidemodifiedelectrodeforultrasensitivedeterminationofphenobarbital
AT zohrehshaghaghi multimetaloxidendopedreducedgrapheneoxidemodifiedelectrodeforultrasensitivedeterminationofphenobarbital