A Scoping Review on Epidemiological Risk Factors and Treatment Modalities for Snakebites in India

Background: Snakebite is a major public health concern in India and is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Death and significant health repercussions caused by snakebites can be effectively mitigated with easy access to safe and effective antivenoms and enhanced awareness among he...

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Main Authors: Soumyajit Saha, Swati Behera, Srajana U. Kotekar, Shafeeq Hameed, Navya Vyas
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications 2025-04-01
Series:Indian Journal of Public Health
Subjects:
Online Access:https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/ijph.ijph_824_24
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author Soumyajit Saha
Swati Behera
Srajana U. Kotekar
Shafeeq Hameed
Navya Vyas
author_facet Soumyajit Saha
Swati Behera
Srajana U. Kotekar
Shafeeq Hameed
Navya Vyas
author_sort Soumyajit Saha
collection DOAJ
description Background: Snakebite is a major public health concern in India and is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Death and significant health repercussions caused by snakebites can be effectively mitigated with easy access to safe and effective antivenoms and enhanced awareness among healthcare professionals and the general public. Objectives: This review investigates the factors influencing snakebite outcomes and the current treatment options in India. Materials and Methods: The literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and grey literature from World Health Organization and Government of India databases, focusing on studies published between 2012 and 2022. Inclusion criteria encompassed cross-sectional, intervention, descriptive, qualitative studies, case reports, and case series published in English, concentrating on snakebite envenoming. Results: Key findings included a lack of community awareness regarding early identification and management of snakebites, insufficient information on updated treatment protocols among healthcare providers, poor health-seeking behavior of victims, high reliance on untrained folk healers for initial treatment, and inadequate availability of anti-snake venom. These factors significantly impact snakebite-related outcomes. Conclusion: This scoping review provides valuable insights on the formulation of evidence-based policies that focus on reducing the impact of snakebite and improving patient outcomes in India, with the ultimate goal of achieving a 50% reduction in the number of deaths and cases of disability due to snakebite by 2030.
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spelling doaj-art-f59cc127ea2d4dd8a4b28ba43faa69af2025-08-20T02:44:23ZengWolters Kluwer Medknow PublicationsIndian Journal of Public Health0019-557X2229-76932025-04-0169220321010.4103/ijph.ijph_824_24A Scoping Review on Epidemiological Risk Factors and Treatment Modalities for Snakebites in IndiaSoumyajit SahaSwati BeheraSrajana U. KotekarShafeeq HameedNavya VyasBackground: Snakebite is a major public health concern in India and is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Death and significant health repercussions caused by snakebites can be effectively mitigated with easy access to safe and effective antivenoms and enhanced awareness among healthcare professionals and the general public. Objectives: This review investigates the factors influencing snakebite outcomes and the current treatment options in India. Materials and Methods: The literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and grey literature from World Health Organization and Government of India databases, focusing on studies published between 2012 and 2022. Inclusion criteria encompassed cross-sectional, intervention, descriptive, qualitative studies, case reports, and case series published in English, concentrating on snakebite envenoming. Results: Key findings included a lack of community awareness regarding early identification and management of snakebites, insufficient information on updated treatment protocols among healthcare providers, poor health-seeking behavior of victims, high reliance on untrained folk healers for initial treatment, and inadequate availability of anti-snake venom. These factors significantly impact snakebite-related outcomes. Conclusion: This scoping review provides valuable insights on the formulation of evidence-based policies that focus on reducing the impact of snakebite and improving patient outcomes in India, with the ultimate goal of achieving a 50% reduction in the number of deaths and cases of disability due to snakebite by 2030.https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/ijph.ijph_824_24anti-snake venom availabilityhealthcare accessintersectoral collaborationmortality and morbidityrural healthcaresnakebite envenoming
spellingShingle Soumyajit Saha
Swati Behera
Srajana U. Kotekar
Shafeeq Hameed
Navya Vyas
A Scoping Review on Epidemiological Risk Factors and Treatment Modalities for Snakebites in India
Indian Journal of Public Health
anti-snake venom availability
healthcare access
intersectoral collaboration
mortality and morbidity
rural healthcare
snakebite envenoming
title A Scoping Review on Epidemiological Risk Factors and Treatment Modalities for Snakebites in India
title_full A Scoping Review on Epidemiological Risk Factors and Treatment Modalities for Snakebites in India
title_fullStr A Scoping Review on Epidemiological Risk Factors and Treatment Modalities for Snakebites in India
title_full_unstemmed A Scoping Review on Epidemiological Risk Factors and Treatment Modalities for Snakebites in India
title_short A Scoping Review on Epidemiological Risk Factors and Treatment Modalities for Snakebites in India
title_sort scoping review on epidemiological risk factors and treatment modalities for snakebites in india
topic anti-snake venom availability
healthcare access
intersectoral collaboration
mortality and morbidity
rural healthcare
snakebite envenoming
url https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/ijph.ijph_824_24
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