Saponins and their role as vaccine adjuvant against coccidiosis in poultry

Coccidiosis, induced by various Eimeria species, has been one of the most important health threats and performance of poultry around the world. Other than the current treatment, successful vaccination approaches have been realized. Advances in saponin biochemistry, from Quillaja saponaria and Yucca...

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Main Author: Abdullah F. ALSAYEQH
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 2025-06-01
Series:Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi
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Online Access:https://vetdergikafkas.org/pdf.php?id=3198
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author Abdullah F. ALSAYEQH
author_facet Abdullah F. ALSAYEQH
author_sort Abdullah F. ALSAYEQH
collection DOAJ
description Coccidiosis, induced by various Eimeria species, has been one of the most important health threats and performance of poultry around the world. Other than the current treatment, successful vaccination approaches have been realized. Advances in saponin biochemistry, from Quillaja saponaria and Yucca schidigera plants, have supported the development of vaccine adjuvants based on these natural glycosides. Saponins also activate innate immune pathways and can assist with antigen presentation, enhancing humoral and cell-mediated responses. Saponin-based adjuvants, including QS-21 and Quil A, can enhance adjuvant efficacy by inducing higher antibody responses and promoting long-lasting protective immunity privation. Nonetheless, challenges including toxicity issues about the saponin fractions and the variable adjuvant activity among different saponins, have also been reported. Future studies aim to improve saponin adjuvant formulations, determine their harmlessness, and investigate new transport systems, such as immunostimulating complexes. By enhancing poultry health, such advancements contribute to safer meat and egg products, directly supporting food safety. Moreover, reducing disease-related losses in poultry farms promotes food security by ensuring stable and efficient protein production. The focus of this review article is to highlight the role of saponins as vaccine adjuvants to enhance immunity against Eimeria species in poultry.
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spelling doaj-art-f5707f201b684f2f9abe4f708d90190e2025-08-20T03:26:34ZengKafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineKafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi1309-22512025-06-0131335135910.9775/kvfd.2025.341963198Saponins and their role as vaccine adjuvant against coccidiosis in poultryAbdullah F. ALSAYEQH0Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buriadah, SAUDI ARABIACoccidiosis, induced by various Eimeria species, has been one of the most important health threats and performance of poultry around the world. Other than the current treatment, successful vaccination approaches have been realized. Advances in saponin biochemistry, from Quillaja saponaria and Yucca schidigera plants, have supported the development of vaccine adjuvants based on these natural glycosides. Saponins also activate innate immune pathways and can assist with antigen presentation, enhancing humoral and cell-mediated responses. Saponin-based adjuvants, including QS-21 and Quil A, can enhance adjuvant efficacy by inducing higher antibody responses and promoting long-lasting protective immunity privation. Nonetheless, challenges including toxicity issues about the saponin fractions and the variable adjuvant activity among different saponins, have also been reported. Future studies aim to improve saponin adjuvant formulations, determine their harmlessness, and investigate new transport systems, such as immunostimulating complexes. By enhancing poultry health, such advancements contribute to safer meat and egg products, directly supporting food safety. Moreover, reducing disease-related losses in poultry farms promotes food security by ensuring stable and efficient protein production. The focus of this review article is to highlight the role of saponins as vaccine adjuvants to enhance immunity against Eimeria species in poultry.https://vetdergikafkas.org/pdf.php?id=3198coccidiosiseimeriafood safetyphytochemicalsquil asaponinsvaccine adjuvants
spellingShingle Abdullah F. ALSAYEQH
Saponins and their role as vaccine adjuvant against coccidiosis in poultry
Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi
coccidiosis
eimeria
food safety
phytochemicals
quil a
saponins
vaccine adjuvants
title Saponins and their role as vaccine adjuvant against coccidiosis in poultry
title_full Saponins and their role as vaccine adjuvant against coccidiosis in poultry
title_fullStr Saponins and their role as vaccine adjuvant against coccidiosis in poultry
title_full_unstemmed Saponins and their role as vaccine adjuvant against coccidiosis in poultry
title_short Saponins and their role as vaccine adjuvant against coccidiosis in poultry
title_sort saponins and their role as vaccine adjuvant against coccidiosis in poultry
topic coccidiosis
eimeria
food safety
phytochemicals
quil a
saponins
vaccine adjuvants
url https://vetdergikafkas.org/pdf.php?id=3198
work_keys_str_mv AT abdullahfalsayeqh saponinsandtheirroleasvaccineadjuvantagainstcoccidiosisinpoultry