Understanding the Mysterious M2 Macrophage through Activation Markers and Effector Mechanisms
The alternatively activated or M2 macrophages are immune cells with high phenotypic heterogeneity and are governing functions at the interface of immunity, tissue homeostasis, metabolism, and endocrine signaling. Today the M2 macrophages are identified based on the expression pattern of a set of M2...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2015-01-01
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| Series: | Mediators of Inflammation |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/816460 |
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| _version_ | 1832552403081101312 |
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| author | Tamás Rőszer |
| author_facet | Tamás Rőszer |
| author_sort | Tamás Rőszer |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The alternatively activated or M2 macrophages are immune cells with high phenotypic heterogeneity and are governing functions at the interface of immunity, tissue homeostasis, metabolism, and endocrine signaling. Today the M2 macrophages are identified based on the expression pattern of a set of M2 markers. These markers are transmembrane glycoproteins, scavenger receptors, enzymes, growth factors, hormones, cytokines, and cytokine receptors with diverse and often yet unexplored functions. This review discusses whether these M2 markers can be reliably used to identify M2 macrophages and define their functional subdivisions. Also, it provides an update on the novel signals of the tissue environment and the neuroendocrine system which shape the M2 activation. The possible evolutionary roots of the M2 macrophage functions are also discussed. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-f563692c21774361abc57e66664bac14 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0962-9351 1466-1861 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2015-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Mediators of Inflammation |
| spelling | doaj-art-f563692c21774361abc57e66664bac142025-02-03T05:58:46ZengWileyMediators of Inflammation0962-93511466-18612015-01-01201510.1155/2015/816460816460Understanding the Mysterious M2 Macrophage through Activation Markers and Effector MechanismsTamás Rőszer0Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, GermanyThe alternatively activated or M2 macrophages are immune cells with high phenotypic heterogeneity and are governing functions at the interface of immunity, tissue homeostasis, metabolism, and endocrine signaling. Today the M2 macrophages are identified based on the expression pattern of a set of M2 markers. These markers are transmembrane glycoproteins, scavenger receptors, enzymes, growth factors, hormones, cytokines, and cytokine receptors with diverse and often yet unexplored functions. This review discusses whether these M2 markers can be reliably used to identify M2 macrophages and define their functional subdivisions. Also, it provides an update on the novel signals of the tissue environment and the neuroendocrine system which shape the M2 activation. The possible evolutionary roots of the M2 macrophage functions are also discussed.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/816460 |
| spellingShingle | Tamás Rőszer Understanding the Mysterious M2 Macrophage through Activation Markers and Effector Mechanisms Mediators of Inflammation |
| title | Understanding the Mysterious M2 Macrophage through Activation Markers and Effector Mechanisms |
| title_full | Understanding the Mysterious M2 Macrophage through Activation Markers and Effector Mechanisms |
| title_fullStr | Understanding the Mysterious M2 Macrophage through Activation Markers and Effector Mechanisms |
| title_full_unstemmed | Understanding the Mysterious M2 Macrophage through Activation Markers and Effector Mechanisms |
| title_short | Understanding the Mysterious M2 Macrophage through Activation Markers and Effector Mechanisms |
| title_sort | understanding the mysterious m2 macrophage through activation markers and effector mechanisms |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/816460 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tamasroszer understandingthemysteriousm2macrophagethroughactivationmarkersandeffectormechanisms |