Reimagining heritage villages’ sustainability: machine learning-driven human settlement suitability in Hunan

Abstract Traditional villages play a crucial role in China’s cultural, ecological, and social fabric, as they preserve indigenous knowledge and foster sustainable practices. However, rapid urbanization poses significant threats to their population stability and cultural integrity, creating challenge...

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Main Authors: Qikang Zhong, Liang Xie, Jiade Wu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer Nature 2025-05-01
Series:Humanities & Social Sciences Communications
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-04971-0
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author Qikang Zhong
Liang Xie
Jiade Wu
author_facet Qikang Zhong
Liang Xie
Jiade Wu
author_sort Qikang Zhong
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Traditional villages play a crucial role in China’s cultural, ecological, and social fabric, as they preserve indigenous knowledge and foster sustainable practices. However, rapid urbanization poses significant threats to their population stability and cultural integrity, creating challenges for both preservation and development. While existing studies often concentrate on architectural restoration or tourism, they tend to overlook a comprehensive approach to human settlement suitability (HSS). In this study, we assess the HSS of 688 traditional villages in Hunan Province by employing the entropy weight method, principal component analysis (PCA), and K-means clustering. To investigate the factors influencing HSS, we utilize Geodetector and Random Forest models. Our results indicate that 39.1% of the villages fall into the Critical Suitability category, while 29.8% belong to the General Suitability category, with overall suitability decreasing from the south to the northwest. Based on their characteristics, the villages are categorized into three types: environmentally stressed, moderately developed, and economically advantaged. Among the various influencing factors, economic variables—particularly Per Capita Disposable Income—emerge as the primary drivers of HSS variation. This research proposes an innovative framework for evaluating rural sustainability and offers strategic insights for transforming traditional villages in a sustainable manner.
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spelling doaj-art-f4e7687dee8a4d51b9e0a0ed4128fc212025-08-20T02:32:08ZengSpringer NatureHumanities & Social Sciences Communications2662-99922025-05-0112111910.1057/s41599-025-04971-0Reimagining heritage villages’ sustainability: machine learning-driven human settlement suitability in HunanQikang Zhong0Liang Xie1Jiade Wu2School of Architecture and Art, Central South UniversitySchool of Architecture and Art, Central South UniversitySchool of Architecture and Art, Central South UniversityAbstract Traditional villages play a crucial role in China’s cultural, ecological, and social fabric, as they preserve indigenous knowledge and foster sustainable practices. However, rapid urbanization poses significant threats to their population stability and cultural integrity, creating challenges for both preservation and development. While existing studies often concentrate on architectural restoration or tourism, they tend to overlook a comprehensive approach to human settlement suitability (HSS). In this study, we assess the HSS of 688 traditional villages in Hunan Province by employing the entropy weight method, principal component analysis (PCA), and K-means clustering. To investigate the factors influencing HSS, we utilize Geodetector and Random Forest models. Our results indicate that 39.1% of the villages fall into the Critical Suitability category, while 29.8% belong to the General Suitability category, with overall suitability decreasing from the south to the northwest. Based on their characteristics, the villages are categorized into three types: environmentally stressed, moderately developed, and economically advantaged. Among the various influencing factors, economic variables—particularly Per Capita Disposable Income—emerge as the primary drivers of HSS variation. This research proposes an innovative framework for evaluating rural sustainability and offers strategic insights for transforming traditional villages in a sustainable manner.https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-04971-0
spellingShingle Qikang Zhong
Liang Xie
Jiade Wu
Reimagining heritage villages’ sustainability: machine learning-driven human settlement suitability in Hunan
Humanities & Social Sciences Communications
title Reimagining heritage villages’ sustainability: machine learning-driven human settlement suitability in Hunan
title_full Reimagining heritage villages’ sustainability: machine learning-driven human settlement suitability in Hunan
title_fullStr Reimagining heritage villages’ sustainability: machine learning-driven human settlement suitability in Hunan
title_full_unstemmed Reimagining heritage villages’ sustainability: machine learning-driven human settlement suitability in Hunan
title_short Reimagining heritage villages’ sustainability: machine learning-driven human settlement suitability in Hunan
title_sort reimagining heritage villages sustainability machine learning driven human settlement suitability in hunan
url https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-04971-0
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AT liangxie reimaginingheritagevillagessustainabilitymachinelearningdrivenhumansettlementsuitabilityinhunan
AT jiadewu reimaginingheritagevillagessustainabilitymachinelearningdrivenhumansettlementsuitabilityinhunan