Hierarchical Energy Management and Energy Saving Potential Analysis for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Tractors
To address the challenges faced by fuel cell hybrid electric tractors (FCHETs) equipped with a battery and supercapacitor, including the complex coordination of multiple energy sources, low power allocation efficiency, and unclear optimal energy consumption, this paper proposes two energy management...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/2/247 |
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| _version_ | 1832588664709840896 |
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| author | Shenghui Lei Yanying Li Mengnan Liu Wenshuo Li Tenglong Zhao Shuailong Hou Liyou Xu |
| author_facet | Shenghui Lei Yanying Li Mengnan Liu Wenshuo Li Tenglong Zhao Shuailong Hou Liyou Xu |
| author_sort | Shenghui Lei |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | To address the challenges faced by fuel cell hybrid electric tractors (FCHETs) equipped with a battery and supercapacitor, including the complex coordination of multiple energy sources, low power allocation efficiency, and unclear optimal energy consumption, this paper proposes two energy management strategies (EMSs): one based on hierarchical instantaneous optimization (HIO) and the other based on multi-dimensional dynamic programming with final state constraints (MDDP-FSC). The proposed HIO-based EMS utilizes a low-pass filter and fuzzy logic correction in its upper-level strategy to manage high-frequency dynamic power using the supercapacitor. The lower-level strategy optimizes fuel cell efficiency by allocating low-frequency stable power based on the principle of minimizing equivalent consumption. Validation using a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation platform and comparative analysis demonstrate that the HIO-based EMS effectively improves the transient operating conditions of the battery and fuel cell, extending their lifespan and enhancing system efficiency. Furthermore, the HIO-based EMS achieves a 95.20% level of hydrogen consumption compared to the MDDP-FSC-based EMS, validating its superiority. The MDDP-FSC-based EMS effectively avoids the extensive debugging efforts required to achieve a final state equilibrium, while providing valuable insights into the global optimal energy consumption potential of multi-energy source FCHETs. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-f2bf1575c31d496f8f32c3057c74c075 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj-art-f2bf1575c31d496f8f32c3057c74c0752025-01-24T13:30:46ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732025-01-0118224710.3390/en18020247Hierarchical Energy Management and Energy Saving Potential Analysis for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric TractorsShenghui Lei0Yanying Li1Mengnan Liu2Wenshuo Li3Tenglong Zhao4Shuailong Hou5Liyou Xu6College of Vehicle and Traffic Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, ChinaCollege of Vehicle and Traffic Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, ChinaCollege of Vehicle and Traffic Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, ChinaCollege of Vehicle and Traffic Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, ChinaCollege of Vehicle and Traffic Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, ChinaCollege of Vehicle and Traffic Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, ChinaCollege of Vehicle and Traffic Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, ChinaTo address the challenges faced by fuel cell hybrid electric tractors (FCHETs) equipped with a battery and supercapacitor, including the complex coordination of multiple energy sources, low power allocation efficiency, and unclear optimal energy consumption, this paper proposes two energy management strategies (EMSs): one based on hierarchical instantaneous optimization (HIO) and the other based on multi-dimensional dynamic programming with final state constraints (MDDP-FSC). The proposed HIO-based EMS utilizes a low-pass filter and fuzzy logic correction in its upper-level strategy to manage high-frequency dynamic power using the supercapacitor. The lower-level strategy optimizes fuel cell efficiency by allocating low-frequency stable power based on the principle of minimizing equivalent consumption. Validation using a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation platform and comparative analysis demonstrate that the HIO-based EMS effectively improves the transient operating conditions of the battery and fuel cell, extending their lifespan and enhancing system efficiency. Furthermore, the HIO-based EMS achieves a 95.20% level of hydrogen consumption compared to the MDDP-FSC-based EMS, validating its superiority. The MDDP-FSC-based EMS effectively avoids the extensive debugging efforts required to achieve a final state equilibrium, while providing valuable insights into the global optimal energy consumption potential of multi-energy source FCHETs.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/2/247fuel cellhybrid electric tractorsenergy management strategyhierarchical instantaneous optimizationdynamic programmingoptimal energy consumption |
| spellingShingle | Shenghui Lei Yanying Li Mengnan Liu Wenshuo Li Tenglong Zhao Shuailong Hou Liyou Xu Hierarchical Energy Management and Energy Saving Potential Analysis for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Tractors Energies fuel cell hybrid electric tractors energy management strategy hierarchical instantaneous optimization dynamic programming optimal energy consumption |
| title | Hierarchical Energy Management and Energy Saving Potential Analysis for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Tractors |
| title_full | Hierarchical Energy Management and Energy Saving Potential Analysis for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Tractors |
| title_fullStr | Hierarchical Energy Management and Energy Saving Potential Analysis for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Tractors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hierarchical Energy Management and Energy Saving Potential Analysis for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Tractors |
| title_short | Hierarchical Energy Management and Energy Saving Potential Analysis for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Tractors |
| title_sort | hierarchical energy management and energy saving potential analysis for fuel cell hybrid electric tractors |
| topic | fuel cell hybrid electric tractors energy management strategy hierarchical instantaneous optimization dynamic programming optimal energy consumption |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/2/247 |
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