MHC-I pathway disruption by viruses: insights into immune evasion and vaccine design for animals

Among various pathogens, viruses pose significant threats to the livestock and poultry industry, resulting in substantial annual costs due to production losses and vaccination. The MHC-I presentation pathway is a crucial surveillance mechanism for preventing viral infections. Consequently, many viru...

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Main Authors: Yanan Wu, Zhuoya Sun, Lu Xia, Panpan Tian, Liuyang Jiao, Yanze Li, Zhanyong Wei, Xuannian Wang, Xiaoying Li, Gaiping Zhang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-05-01
Series:Frontiers in Immunology
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1540159/full
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author Yanan Wu
Yanan Wu
Yanan Wu
Zhuoya Sun
Zhuoya Sun
Zhuoya Sun
Lu Xia
Lu Xia
Panpan Tian
Panpan Tian
Panpan Tian
Liuyang Jiao
Liuyang Jiao
Liuyang Jiao
Yanze Li
Yanze Li
Yanze Li
Zhanyong Wei
Zhanyong Wei
Zhanyong Wei
Xuannian Wang
Xuannian Wang
Xuannian Wang
Xiaoying Li
Gaiping Zhang
Gaiping Zhang
Gaiping Zhang
Gaiping Zhang
Gaiping Zhang
author_facet Yanan Wu
Yanan Wu
Yanan Wu
Zhuoya Sun
Zhuoya Sun
Zhuoya Sun
Lu Xia
Lu Xia
Panpan Tian
Panpan Tian
Panpan Tian
Liuyang Jiao
Liuyang Jiao
Liuyang Jiao
Yanze Li
Yanze Li
Yanze Li
Zhanyong Wei
Zhanyong Wei
Zhanyong Wei
Xuannian Wang
Xuannian Wang
Xuannian Wang
Xiaoying Li
Gaiping Zhang
Gaiping Zhang
Gaiping Zhang
Gaiping Zhang
Gaiping Zhang
author_sort Yanan Wu
collection DOAJ
description Among various pathogens, viruses pose significant threats to the livestock and poultry industry, resulting in substantial annual costs due to production losses and vaccination. The MHC-I presentation pathway is a crucial surveillance mechanism for preventing viral infections. Consequently, many viruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to inhibit the presentation of viral peptides by MHC-I to CD8+ T-cells, thereby evading the immune system. Understanding the mechanisms that suppress the MHC-I pathway and identifying specific binding peptides are essential for comprehending viral immune evasion and developing effective animal vaccines. This review summarizes the viral strategies for evading immune recognition, including the inhibition of MHC-I molecules synthesis, degradation, transport, and assembly, which affect MHC-I surface expression during viral infections. We also present evidence that MHC-I surface expression is frequently lost during numerous viral infections in livestock and poultry and offer new insights into the underlying mechanisms through which viruses inactivate the MHC-I antigen presentation pathway. Collectively, these advanced findings on viral evasion from the MHC-I pathway could inform the development of more effectives strategies to restore immunological control over viral infections and improve vaccines for the livestock and poultry industry.
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spelling doaj-art-f142e37aff9a46a596ddd6f96e2e677b2025-08-20T02:27:19ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242025-05-011610.3389/fimmu.2025.15401591540159MHC-I pathway disruption by viruses: insights into immune evasion and vaccine design for animalsYanan Wu0Yanan Wu1Yanan Wu2Zhuoya Sun3Zhuoya Sun4Zhuoya Sun5Lu Xia6Lu Xia7Panpan Tian8Panpan Tian9Panpan Tian10Liuyang Jiao11Liuyang Jiao12Liuyang Jiao13Yanze Li14Yanze Li15Yanze Li16Zhanyong Wei17Zhanyong Wei18Zhanyong Wei19Xuannian Wang20Xuannian Wang21Xuannian Wang22Xiaoying Li23Gaiping Zhang24Gaiping Zhang25Gaiping Zhang26Gaiping Zhang27Gaiping Zhang28College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaInternational Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaMinistry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaInternational Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaMinistry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaMinistry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaInternational Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaMinistry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaInternational Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaMinistry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaInternational Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaMinistry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaInternational Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaMinistry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaInternational Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaLonghu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaInternational Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaMinistry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, ChinaLonghu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, ChinaSchool of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, ChinaAmong various pathogens, viruses pose significant threats to the livestock and poultry industry, resulting in substantial annual costs due to production losses and vaccination. The MHC-I presentation pathway is a crucial surveillance mechanism for preventing viral infections. Consequently, many viruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to inhibit the presentation of viral peptides by MHC-I to CD8+ T-cells, thereby evading the immune system. Understanding the mechanisms that suppress the MHC-I pathway and identifying specific binding peptides are essential for comprehending viral immune evasion and developing effective animal vaccines. This review summarizes the viral strategies for evading immune recognition, including the inhibition of MHC-I molecules synthesis, degradation, transport, and assembly, which affect MHC-I surface expression during viral infections. We also present evidence that MHC-I surface expression is frequently lost during numerous viral infections in livestock and poultry and offer new insights into the underlying mechanisms through which viruses inactivate the MHC-I antigen presentation pathway. Collectively, these advanced findings on viral evasion from the MHC-I pathway could inform the development of more effectives strategies to restore immunological control over viral infections and improve vaccines for the livestock and poultry industry.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1540159/fullMHC-Iadaptive immune responsesimmune evasionMHC-I assemblyMHC-I transportMHC-I expression
spellingShingle Yanan Wu
Yanan Wu
Yanan Wu
Zhuoya Sun
Zhuoya Sun
Zhuoya Sun
Lu Xia
Lu Xia
Panpan Tian
Panpan Tian
Panpan Tian
Liuyang Jiao
Liuyang Jiao
Liuyang Jiao
Yanze Li
Yanze Li
Yanze Li
Zhanyong Wei
Zhanyong Wei
Zhanyong Wei
Xuannian Wang
Xuannian Wang
Xuannian Wang
Xiaoying Li
Gaiping Zhang
Gaiping Zhang
Gaiping Zhang
Gaiping Zhang
Gaiping Zhang
MHC-I pathway disruption by viruses: insights into immune evasion and vaccine design for animals
Frontiers in Immunology
MHC-I
adaptive immune responses
immune evasion
MHC-I assembly
MHC-I transport
MHC-I expression
title MHC-I pathway disruption by viruses: insights into immune evasion and vaccine design for animals
title_full MHC-I pathway disruption by viruses: insights into immune evasion and vaccine design for animals
title_fullStr MHC-I pathway disruption by viruses: insights into immune evasion and vaccine design for animals
title_full_unstemmed MHC-I pathway disruption by viruses: insights into immune evasion and vaccine design for animals
title_short MHC-I pathway disruption by viruses: insights into immune evasion and vaccine design for animals
title_sort mhc i pathway disruption by viruses insights into immune evasion and vaccine design for animals
topic MHC-I
adaptive immune responses
immune evasion
MHC-I assembly
MHC-I transport
MHC-I expression
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1540159/full
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