Long-term trends in the prevalence of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome in South Korea, 2011–2021: a representative longitudinal serial studyResearch in context
Summary: Background: The American Heart Association recently introduced a new framework, known as cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome, aimed at the early prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, this syndrome has not been studied extensively outside of the United States. Thus, this...
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Elsevier
2025-02-01
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| Series: | The Lancet Regional Health. Western Pacific |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666606525000112 |
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| author | Yesol Yim Jae E. Lee Yejun Son Soeun Kim Hojae Lee Sooji Lee Wonwoo Jang Hanseul Cho Hayeon Lee Kyeongmin Lee Hyesu Jo Jaeyu Park Jiyeon Oh Louis Jacob Jiseung Kang Hyunji Sang Sang Youl Rhee Dong Keon Yon |
| author_facet | Yesol Yim Jae E. Lee Yejun Son Soeun Kim Hojae Lee Sooji Lee Wonwoo Jang Hanseul Cho Hayeon Lee Kyeongmin Lee Hyesu Jo Jaeyu Park Jiyeon Oh Louis Jacob Jiseung Kang Hyunji Sang Sang Youl Rhee Dong Keon Yon |
| author_sort | Yesol Yim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Summary: Background: The American Heart Association recently introduced a new framework, known as cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome, aimed at the early prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, this syndrome has not been studied extensively outside of the United States. Thus, this study aimed to examine the long-term trends in CKM syndrome and its associated demographic features in South Korea. Methods: This nationwide, cross-sectional study analyzed data from 61,106 Korean adults aged ≥20 years using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2011 to 2021. CKM syndrome was defined using the PREVENT equations, categorizing individuals into five stages (0–4). Age-standardized prevalence rates, annual percent changes (APC), and sociodemographic disparities were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression and Joinpoint regression. Findings: Among the 61,106 participants (50.4% females [95% CI, 50.0–50.8%] and 49.6% males [95% CI, 49.2–50.0%]), stage 2 CKM syndrome was the most prevalent (43.4% [42.9–43.9]), followed by stages 1 (25.4% [25.0–25.8]), 0 (21.1% [20.7–21.6]), 3 (7.3% [7.0–7.5]), and 4 (2.8% [2.6–2.9]). From 2011 to 2021, advanced stages showed significant increases (APC for stage 4: 3.2%; 95% CI, 1.5–5.2), while stage 0 declined (APC: −1.9%; 95% CI, −3.8 to 0.0). Advanced stages were more common among vulnerable subgroups, including males, older adults, rural residents, smokers, drinkers, individuals with obesity, lower education levels, and lower household incomes. Interpretation: This is the first study to investigate the long-term prevalence of CKM syndrome based on stages at the national level in an Asian population. Our findings emphasize the urgent need for tailored public health strategies targeting metabolic risk factors, particularly in vulnerable subgroups, to prevent progression to advanced CKM stages. Funding: National Research Foundation of Korea. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-f137535577984aec91fbb3b33948d60c |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2666-6065 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Lancet Regional Health. Western Pacific |
| spelling | doaj-art-f137535577984aec91fbb3b33948d60c2025-01-24T04:45:47ZengElsevierThe Lancet Regional Health. Western Pacific2666-60652025-02-0155101474Long-term trends in the prevalence of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome in South Korea, 2011–2021: a representative longitudinal serial studyResearch in contextYesol Yim0Jae E. Lee1Yejun Son2Soeun Kim3Hojae Lee4Sooji Lee5Wonwoo Jang6Hanseul Cho7Hayeon Lee8Kyeongmin Lee9Hyesu Jo10Jaeyu Park11Jiyeon Oh12Louis Jacob13Jiseung Kang14Hyunji Sang15Sang Youl Rhee16Dong Keon Yon17Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Precision Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaCenter for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Precision Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaCenter for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Precision Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaCenter for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaCenter for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaCenter for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South KoreaCenter for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South KoreaCenter for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Precision Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Lariboisière-Fernand Widal Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative Diseases (EpiAgeing), Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1153, Paris, France; Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Barcelona, SpainDivision of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; School of Health and Environmental Science, Korea University College of Health Science, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Precision Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Precision Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Corresponding author. Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, 23 Kyungheedae–ro, Dongdaemun–gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea.Summary: Background: The American Heart Association recently introduced a new framework, known as cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome, aimed at the early prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, this syndrome has not been studied extensively outside of the United States. Thus, this study aimed to examine the long-term trends in CKM syndrome and its associated demographic features in South Korea. Methods: This nationwide, cross-sectional study analyzed data from 61,106 Korean adults aged ≥20 years using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2011 to 2021. CKM syndrome was defined using the PREVENT equations, categorizing individuals into five stages (0–4). Age-standardized prevalence rates, annual percent changes (APC), and sociodemographic disparities were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression and Joinpoint regression. Findings: Among the 61,106 participants (50.4% females [95% CI, 50.0–50.8%] and 49.6% males [95% CI, 49.2–50.0%]), stage 2 CKM syndrome was the most prevalent (43.4% [42.9–43.9]), followed by stages 1 (25.4% [25.0–25.8]), 0 (21.1% [20.7–21.6]), 3 (7.3% [7.0–7.5]), and 4 (2.8% [2.6–2.9]). From 2011 to 2021, advanced stages showed significant increases (APC for stage 4: 3.2%; 95% CI, 1.5–5.2), while stage 0 declined (APC: −1.9%; 95% CI, −3.8 to 0.0). Advanced stages were more common among vulnerable subgroups, including males, older adults, rural residents, smokers, drinkers, individuals with obesity, lower education levels, and lower household incomes. Interpretation: This is the first study to investigate the long-term prevalence of CKM syndrome based on stages at the national level in an Asian population. Our findings emphasize the urgent need for tailored public health strategies targeting metabolic risk factors, particularly in vulnerable subgroups, to prevent progression to advanced CKM stages. Funding: National Research Foundation of Korea.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666606525000112Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndromePrevalenceSouth KoreaTrend |
| spellingShingle | Yesol Yim Jae E. Lee Yejun Son Soeun Kim Hojae Lee Sooji Lee Wonwoo Jang Hanseul Cho Hayeon Lee Kyeongmin Lee Hyesu Jo Jaeyu Park Jiyeon Oh Louis Jacob Jiseung Kang Hyunji Sang Sang Youl Rhee Dong Keon Yon Long-term trends in the prevalence of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome in South Korea, 2011–2021: a representative longitudinal serial studyResearch in context The Lancet Regional Health. Western Pacific Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome Prevalence South Korea Trend |
| title | Long-term trends in the prevalence of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome in South Korea, 2011–2021: a representative longitudinal serial studyResearch in context |
| title_full | Long-term trends in the prevalence of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome in South Korea, 2011–2021: a representative longitudinal serial studyResearch in context |
| title_fullStr | Long-term trends in the prevalence of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome in South Korea, 2011–2021: a representative longitudinal serial studyResearch in context |
| title_full_unstemmed | Long-term trends in the prevalence of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome in South Korea, 2011–2021: a representative longitudinal serial studyResearch in context |
| title_short | Long-term trends in the prevalence of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome in South Korea, 2011–2021: a representative longitudinal serial studyResearch in context |
| title_sort | long term trends in the prevalence of cardiovascular kidney metabolic syndrome in south korea 2011 2021 a representative longitudinal serial studyresearch in context |
| topic | Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome Prevalence South Korea Trend |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666606525000112 |
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