Ultrasonographic Assessment of Fetal Viability in Pregnant Women with First-Trimester Bleeding at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria

Background: Vaginal bleeding in the first trimester is a fairly common problem, which may be associated with lower abdominal pain. It varies from spotting to a life-threatening event of active profuse bleeding. Objective: To determine sonographic predictors of fetal viability after a first-trimester...

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Main Authors: Chisolum O. Okafor, Odira C. Anajuba, Chinekwu S. Nwosu, Charles I. Okafor, Munachi O. Nwabunike, Ifeanyi O. Uzukwu, Ugochukwu A. Aguwamba, Kelechi U. Okoye, Adaobi C. Emegoakor
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications 2024-07-01
Series:International Journal of Medicine and Health Development
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmh.ijmh_17_24
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author Chisolum O. Okafor
Odira C. Anajuba
Chinekwu S. Nwosu
Charles I. Okafor
Munachi O. Nwabunike
Ifeanyi O. Uzukwu
Ugochukwu A. Aguwamba
Kelechi U. Okoye
Adaobi C. Emegoakor
author_facet Chisolum O. Okafor
Odira C. Anajuba
Chinekwu S. Nwosu
Charles I. Okafor
Munachi O. Nwabunike
Ifeanyi O. Uzukwu
Ugochukwu A. Aguwamba
Kelechi U. Okoye
Adaobi C. Emegoakor
author_sort Chisolum O. Okafor
collection DOAJ
description Background: Vaginal bleeding in the first trimester is a fairly common problem, which may be associated with lower abdominal pain. It varies from spotting to a life-threatening event of active profuse bleeding. Objective: To determine sonographic predictors of fetal viability after a first-trimester bleed. Materials and Methods: Initial and outcome scans were done on 94 pregnant women with first-trimester bleeding after a thorough clinical history has been taken at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi, Nigeria. Results: The results revealed that light bleeding occurred in 64.9% of the women, whereas heavy bleeding was recorded in 35.1%. The duration of bleeding in both ranged from 12 h to 21 days. The amount of vaginal bleeding, expulsion of blood clots, and fever were higher in women with heavy bleeding. Women with associated fever had less viability compared with those without fever (P = 0.001). Gestational sac (GS) location, GS shape, double decidual sign, yolk sac presence and shape, embryo presence, and embryonic cardiac activity had significant associations with viability (P < 0.05). Predictors of viability following multiple logistic regression were round/oval GS (OR = 2.062, P < 0.001), presence of an embryo (OR = 1.153, P = 0.032), and yolk sac diameter (OR = 2.302, P = 0.013). Conclusion: Shape of GS, presence of an embryo, and yolk sac diameter are the predictors of fetal viability following first-trimester bleeding.
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spelling doaj-art-f0ed2594296c4f0a889be684faaaf9362025-01-25T10:09:59ZengWolters Kluwer Medknow PublicationsInternational Journal of Medicine and Health Development2635-36952667-28632024-07-0129325726410.4103/ijmh.ijmh_17_24Ultrasonographic Assessment of Fetal Viability in Pregnant Women with First-Trimester Bleeding at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, NigeriaChisolum O. OkaforOdira C. AnajubaChinekwu S. NwosuCharles I. OkaforMunachi O. NwabunikeIfeanyi O. UzukwuUgochukwu A. AguwambaKelechi U. OkoyeAdaobi C. EmegoakorBackground: Vaginal bleeding in the first trimester is a fairly common problem, which may be associated with lower abdominal pain. It varies from spotting to a life-threatening event of active profuse bleeding. Objective: To determine sonographic predictors of fetal viability after a first-trimester bleed. Materials and Methods: Initial and outcome scans were done on 94 pregnant women with first-trimester bleeding after a thorough clinical history has been taken at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi, Nigeria. Results: The results revealed that light bleeding occurred in 64.9% of the women, whereas heavy bleeding was recorded in 35.1%. The duration of bleeding in both ranged from 12 h to 21 days. The amount of vaginal bleeding, expulsion of blood clots, and fever were higher in women with heavy bleeding. Women with associated fever had less viability compared with those without fever (P = 0.001). Gestational sac (GS) location, GS shape, double decidual sign, yolk sac presence and shape, embryo presence, and embryonic cardiac activity had significant associations with viability (P < 0.05). Predictors of viability following multiple logistic regression were round/oval GS (OR = 2.062, P < 0.001), presence of an embryo (OR = 1.153, P = 0.032), and yolk sac diameter (OR = 2.302, P = 0.013). Conclusion: Shape of GS, presence of an embryo, and yolk sac diameter are the predictors of fetal viability following first-trimester bleeding.https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmh.ijmh_17_24bleedingembryofirst trimesterodds ratiopregnancyp valueyolk sac
spellingShingle Chisolum O. Okafor
Odira C. Anajuba
Chinekwu S. Nwosu
Charles I. Okafor
Munachi O. Nwabunike
Ifeanyi O. Uzukwu
Ugochukwu A. Aguwamba
Kelechi U. Okoye
Adaobi C. Emegoakor
Ultrasonographic Assessment of Fetal Viability in Pregnant Women with First-Trimester Bleeding at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria
International Journal of Medicine and Health Development
bleeding
embryo
first trimester
odds ratio
pregnancy
p value
yolk sac
title Ultrasonographic Assessment of Fetal Viability in Pregnant Women with First-Trimester Bleeding at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria
title_full Ultrasonographic Assessment of Fetal Viability in Pregnant Women with First-Trimester Bleeding at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria
title_fullStr Ultrasonographic Assessment of Fetal Viability in Pregnant Women with First-Trimester Bleeding at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria
title_full_unstemmed Ultrasonographic Assessment of Fetal Viability in Pregnant Women with First-Trimester Bleeding at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria
title_short Ultrasonographic Assessment of Fetal Viability in Pregnant Women with First-Trimester Bleeding at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria
title_sort ultrasonographic assessment of fetal viability in pregnant women with first trimester bleeding at nnamdi azikiwe university teaching hospital nnewi nigeria
topic bleeding
embryo
first trimester
odds ratio
pregnancy
p value
yolk sac
url https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmh.ijmh_17_24
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