Peculiarities of Assessing Body Strength When Converting a Bus from Diesel to Electric Traction Following the UNECE R100 Regulation
The problem of the conversion of diesel buses to electric ones in connection with the inevitable introduction of the EURO 7 emission standards entails an automatic requirement to follow several additional United Nations Economic Commission for Europe rules, like R100 regulations. They regulate the p...
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| author | Kostyantyn Holenko Oleksandr Dykha Eugeniusz Koda Ivan Kernytskyy Orest Horbay Yuriy Royko Ruslan Humeniuk Yaroslav Sholudko Vasyl Rys Serhii Berezovetskyi Tomasz Wierzbicki Anna Markiewicz |
| author_facet | Kostyantyn Holenko Oleksandr Dykha Eugeniusz Koda Ivan Kernytskyy Orest Horbay Yuriy Royko Ruslan Humeniuk Yaroslav Sholudko Vasyl Rys Serhii Berezovetskyi Tomasz Wierzbicki Anna Markiewicz |
| author_sort | Kostyantyn Holenko |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The problem of the conversion of diesel buses to electric ones in connection with the inevitable introduction of the EURO 7 emission standards entails an automatic requirement to follow several additional United Nations Economic Commission for Europe rules, like R100 regulations. They regulate the preservation of battery units at longitudinal 12 g and transverse 10 g accelerations without penetrating into the elements of the bus body. Three models (12 modes in total) of battery units with frames made of S235 steel were analysed. The maximum stress value varies between 364.89 MPa and 439.08 MPa in 10 g and 12 g modes, respectively, which is beyond the tensile strength (360 MPa) and provokes plastic deformations. The max deformations were recorded in the models with the highest average stress: 63.04 mm in the 12 g mode with an average stress of 83.18 MPa. The minimum deformations of 6.95 and 7.95 mm were found in the 10 g modes (left and right acceleration direction, respectively), which meet the manufacturer’s requirements (45–50 mm maximum). The study’s primary contribution lies in developing a practical method for assessing battery unit integrity and structural behaviour during the conversion of diesel buses to electric propulsion, fully compliant with R100 regulations. By combining transient structural simulation, mathematical centre modelling of acceleration propagation, and centre of gravity prediction, the proposed approach enables engineers to evaluate electric conversions’ safety and certification feasibility without modifying the existing bus body. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-f09d179b7ab842ce9f8b2e2b88aca604 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-f09d179b7ab842ce9f8b2e2b88aca6042025-08-20T02:45:43ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-07-011514811510.3390/app15148115Peculiarities of Assessing Body Strength When Converting a Bus from Diesel to Electric Traction Following the UNECE R100 RegulationKostyantyn Holenko0Oleksandr Dykha1Eugeniusz Koda2Ivan Kernytskyy3Orest Horbay4Yuriy Royko5Ruslan Humeniuk6Yaroslav Sholudko7Vasyl Rys8Serhii Berezovetskyi9Tomasz Wierzbicki10Anna Markiewicz11Department of Tribology, Automobiles and Materials Science, Khmelnytsky National University, 29016 Khmelnytskyi, UkraineDepartment of Tribology, Automobiles and Materials Science, Khmelnytsky National University, 29016 Khmelnytskyi, UkraineInstitute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, PolandInstitute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Equipment Design and Operation, Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Transport, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 79013 Lviv, UkraineDepartment of Equipment Design and Operation, Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Transport, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 79013 Lviv, UkraineFaculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Lviv National University of Nature Management, 80381 Dublany, UkraineFaculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Lviv National University of Nature Management, 80381 Dublany, UkraineFaculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Lviv National University of Nature Management, 80381 Dublany, UkraineFaculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Lviv National University of Nature Management, 80381 Dublany, UkraineInstitute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, PolandInstitute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, PolandThe problem of the conversion of diesel buses to electric ones in connection with the inevitable introduction of the EURO 7 emission standards entails an automatic requirement to follow several additional United Nations Economic Commission for Europe rules, like R100 regulations. They regulate the preservation of battery units at longitudinal 12 g and transverse 10 g accelerations without penetrating into the elements of the bus body. Three models (12 modes in total) of battery units with frames made of S235 steel were analysed. The maximum stress value varies between 364.89 MPa and 439.08 MPa in 10 g and 12 g modes, respectively, which is beyond the tensile strength (360 MPa) and provokes plastic deformations. The max deformations were recorded in the models with the highest average stress: 63.04 mm in the 12 g mode with an average stress of 83.18 MPa. The minimum deformations of 6.95 and 7.95 mm were found in the 10 g modes (left and right acceleration direction, respectively), which meet the manufacturer’s requirements (45–50 mm maximum). The study’s primary contribution lies in developing a practical method for assessing battery unit integrity and structural behaviour during the conversion of diesel buses to electric propulsion, fully compliant with R100 regulations. By combining transient structural simulation, mathematical centre modelling of acceleration propagation, and centre of gravity prediction, the proposed approach enables engineers to evaluate electric conversions’ safety and certification feasibility without modifying the existing bus body.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/14/8115structural integrityimpact simulationmounting bracketsframe stiffnessmaterial yieldtransient load |
| spellingShingle | Kostyantyn Holenko Oleksandr Dykha Eugeniusz Koda Ivan Kernytskyy Orest Horbay Yuriy Royko Ruslan Humeniuk Yaroslav Sholudko Vasyl Rys Serhii Berezovetskyi Tomasz Wierzbicki Anna Markiewicz Peculiarities of Assessing Body Strength When Converting a Bus from Diesel to Electric Traction Following the UNECE R100 Regulation Applied Sciences structural integrity impact simulation mounting brackets frame stiffness material yield transient load |
| title | Peculiarities of Assessing Body Strength When Converting a Bus from Diesel to Electric Traction Following the UNECE R100 Regulation |
| title_full | Peculiarities of Assessing Body Strength When Converting a Bus from Diesel to Electric Traction Following the UNECE R100 Regulation |
| title_fullStr | Peculiarities of Assessing Body Strength When Converting a Bus from Diesel to Electric Traction Following the UNECE R100 Regulation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Peculiarities of Assessing Body Strength When Converting a Bus from Diesel to Electric Traction Following the UNECE R100 Regulation |
| title_short | Peculiarities of Assessing Body Strength When Converting a Bus from Diesel to Electric Traction Following the UNECE R100 Regulation |
| title_sort | peculiarities of assessing body strength when converting a bus from diesel to electric traction following the unece r100 regulation |
| topic | structural integrity impact simulation mounting brackets frame stiffness material yield transient load |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/14/8115 |
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