A critical review and presentation of the complete, historic series of <i>K</i> indices as determined at Norwegian magnetic observatories since 1939
<p>The complete existing time series of <span class="inline-formula"><i>K</i></span> indices from Norwegian observatories in Tromsø (TRO), Dombås (DOB) and Bear Island (BJN) has been digitized. The digitized time series are continuous, spanning from 1939 (DOB)...
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Copernicus Publications
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Annales Geophysicae |
| Online Access: | https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/43/241/2025/angeo-43-241-2025.pdf |
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| Summary: | <p>The complete existing time series of <span class="inline-formula"><i>K</i></span> indices from Norwegian observatories in Tromsø (TRO), Dombås (DOB) and Bear Island (BJN) has been digitized. The digitized time series are continuous, spanning from 1939 (DOB) and 1947 (TRO) until 1998. Today, Tromsø Geophysical Observatory manages geomagnetic observations throughout Norway and <span class="inline-formula"><i>K</i></span> indices are calculated in real time with a fully automatic, in-house method. In this paper, the old hand-scaled and new automatic time series of <span class="inline-formula"><i>K</i></span> indices are reviewed and compared for the intervals where they overlap. Our analysis confirms that the digital <span class="inline-formula"><i>K</i></span>-index series is a valid continuation of the old series, at least in the auroral zone. Since 1939, three <span class="inline-formula"><i>K</i></span>-index derivation methods have been applied to Norwegian magnetic observatory data. These are traditional hand-scaling, the method developed by the Finnish Meteorological Institute and an in-house method. Here, we compare the tree methods. It becomes clear that each method has both strengths and weaknesses. Importantly, differences arise when calculating the quiet-day variation, especially during periods of consecutive disturbed nights at auroral latitudes. By analysis of the <span class="inline-formula"><i>K</i></span>-index frequency distributions for six stations in mainland Norway and on Svalbard, we find that the lower limit for <span class="inline-formula"><i>K</i>=9</span> of 2000 nT is too high for TRO and that for <span class="inline-formula"><i>K</i>=9</span> of 750 nT is possibly too low at DOB. The assumption that the variation in <span class="inline-formula"><i>H</i></span> is greater than that in <span class="inline-formula"><i>D</i></span>, which makes it possible to calculate <span class="inline-formula"><i>K</i></span> from the magnetic <span class="inline-formula"><i>H</i></span> component only, is investigated, and it is shown that the assumption is indeed only valid for auroral stations. In total, this paper presents all <span class="inline-formula"><i>K</i></span> indices derived from Norwegian observatories since the 1930s until today, the used derivation methods and the long historic time series as a whole, and thus it enables critical use of the indices for future scientific work. Finally, we present the complete <span class="inline-formula"><i>A</i><i>k</i></span> time series for the Norwegian observatories as well as a spectral analysis.</p> |
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| ISSN: | 0992-7689 1432-0576 |