Electrochemical sensing of benzodiazepines: Tracing the evolution of carbonaceous nano-hybrid materials from 3D to 0D, their integration into smart technologies for real-time monitoring
The misuse of benzodiazepines, often implicated in drug-facilitated crimes, presents a significant global concern, profoundly affecting public health and safety. In response to the growing need for rapid, sensitive, and on-site detection methods, this review aims to critically evaluate the current l...
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Elsevier
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Carbon Trends |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667056925000987 |
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| author | Darshana Chatterjee Ida Tiwari |
| author_facet | Darshana Chatterjee Ida Tiwari |
| author_sort | Darshana Chatterjee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The misuse of benzodiazepines, often implicated in drug-facilitated crimes, presents a significant global concern, profoundly affecting public health and safety. In response to the growing need for rapid, sensitive, and on-site detection methods, this review aims to critically evaluate the current landscape of electrochemical sensing of benzodiazepines. The main objective is to consolidate fragmented research findings on a singular platform and trace the progression of carbonaceous nanohybrid materials from early 3D frameworks to modern 0D structures into a cohesive overview that highlights emerging trends and innovations. We also aim to evaluate how this transformation has enhanced sensor performance. Unlike previous reviews that predominantly focus on conventional gold-standard techniques such as chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, this work focuses exclusively on electrochemical sensing as a promising, portable, and real-time alternative. This evolutionary approach has led to considerable improvements in sensitivity, selectivity, and portability, making these systems increasingly suitable for field-deployable applications. By highlighting key advances especially in graphene oxide (GO), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerenes, quantum dots (QDs) and their metal-oxide-supported nanocomposites, this review underscores how nanostructure dimensionality directly influences electrochemical response. Furthermore, it explores the integration of these advanced materials into smart sensing platforms including those with AI-enabled features, positioning them as next-generation solutions. This work not only maps current advancements but also identifies future research directions bridging the gap between laboratory research and deployable forensic tools. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-efbdd0f73ee5439f906df6faa2bfdcea |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2667-0569 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Carbon Trends |
| spelling | doaj-art-efbdd0f73ee5439f906df6faa2bfdcea2025-08-20T02:57:35ZengElsevierCarbon Trends2667-05692025-08-012010054810.1016/j.cartre.2025.100548Electrochemical sensing of benzodiazepines: Tracing the evolution of carbonaceous nano-hybrid materials from 3D to 0D, their integration into smart technologies for real-time monitoringDarshana Chatterjee0Ida Tiwari1Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 211005, IndiaCorresponding author.; Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 211005, IndiaThe misuse of benzodiazepines, often implicated in drug-facilitated crimes, presents a significant global concern, profoundly affecting public health and safety. In response to the growing need for rapid, sensitive, and on-site detection methods, this review aims to critically evaluate the current landscape of electrochemical sensing of benzodiazepines. The main objective is to consolidate fragmented research findings on a singular platform and trace the progression of carbonaceous nanohybrid materials from early 3D frameworks to modern 0D structures into a cohesive overview that highlights emerging trends and innovations. We also aim to evaluate how this transformation has enhanced sensor performance. Unlike previous reviews that predominantly focus on conventional gold-standard techniques such as chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, this work focuses exclusively on electrochemical sensing as a promising, portable, and real-time alternative. This evolutionary approach has led to considerable improvements in sensitivity, selectivity, and portability, making these systems increasingly suitable for field-deployable applications. By highlighting key advances especially in graphene oxide (GO), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerenes, quantum dots (QDs) and their metal-oxide-supported nanocomposites, this review underscores how nanostructure dimensionality directly influences electrochemical response. Furthermore, it explores the integration of these advanced materials into smart sensing platforms including those with AI-enabled features, positioning them as next-generation solutions. This work not only maps current advancements but also identifies future research directions bridging the gap between laboratory research and deployable forensic tools.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667056925000987AI-enabled systemBenzodiazepineCarbonaceous nanohybrid materialsElectrochemical sensingField-deployable sensors |
| spellingShingle | Darshana Chatterjee Ida Tiwari Electrochemical sensing of benzodiazepines: Tracing the evolution of carbonaceous nano-hybrid materials from 3D to 0D, their integration into smart technologies for real-time monitoring Carbon Trends AI-enabled system Benzodiazepine Carbonaceous nanohybrid materials Electrochemical sensing Field-deployable sensors |
| title | Electrochemical sensing of benzodiazepines: Tracing the evolution of carbonaceous nano-hybrid materials from 3D to 0D, their integration into smart technologies for real-time monitoring |
| title_full | Electrochemical sensing of benzodiazepines: Tracing the evolution of carbonaceous nano-hybrid materials from 3D to 0D, their integration into smart technologies for real-time monitoring |
| title_fullStr | Electrochemical sensing of benzodiazepines: Tracing the evolution of carbonaceous nano-hybrid materials from 3D to 0D, their integration into smart technologies for real-time monitoring |
| title_full_unstemmed | Electrochemical sensing of benzodiazepines: Tracing the evolution of carbonaceous nano-hybrid materials from 3D to 0D, their integration into smart technologies for real-time monitoring |
| title_short | Electrochemical sensing of benzodiazepines: Tracing the evolution of carbonaceous nano-hybrid materials from 3D to 0D, their integration into smart technologies for real-time monitoring |
| title_sort | electrochemical sensing of benzodiazepines tracing the evolution of carbonaceous nano hybrid materials from 3d to 0d their integration into smart technologies for real time monitoring |
| topic | AI-enabled system Benzodiazepine Carbonaceous nanohybrid materials Electrochemical sensing Field-deployable sensors |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667056925000987 |
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