Trends and demographic differences in interpersonal violence against children in sub-Saharan Africa: findings from the 1990–2019 Global Burden of Disease Study

Objectives To analyse the past 30-year trends in mortality and morbidity of interpersonal violence against children, its demographic distribution and correlation with specific risk factors.Design Ecological study at the country and regional level.Setting 46 countries and 4 subregions of sub-Saharan...

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Main Authors: Dan J Stein, Berihun Assefa Dachew, Manasi Kumar, Shafiu Mohammed, Andrew T Olagunju, Jennifer Rickard, Deborah Oyine Aluh, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Oluwafemi Atanda Adeagbo, Soraya Seedat, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Onome Bright Oghenetega, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Lucie Laflamme, Mathilde Sengoelge, Michael Ekholuenetale, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat, Mustapha Immurana, Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi, Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa, Hubert Amu, Robert Kokou Dowou, Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie, Gebisa Guyasa Kabito, Sergio Nhassengo, Malizgani Paul Chavula, Yonatan Solomon, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Ahmed Nuru Muhamed, Amadou Barrow, Mesfin Abebe, Temesgen Mohammed Toma, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Sergio Keita Nhassengo, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Olumide Abiodun, Kenneth Setorwu Adde, Abiola Victor Adepoju, Timothy Olukunle Aladelusi, Idowu Thomas Aruleba, Getnet Melaku Ayele, Hameed Akande Bashiru, Berecha Hundessa Demessa, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka, Miglas Welay Gebregergis, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Urge Gerema, Ebisa Zerihun Gindaba, Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Chidozie Declan Iwu, Assefa N Iyasu, Rebuma Sorsa Jeben, Alelign Tasew Jema, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Molla Asnake Kebede, Emmanuel Manu, Tesfahun Mekene Meto, Mathewos M Mekonnen, Hadush Negash Meles, Tadesse Misgana, Mustapha Mohammed, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa, Gideon Olamilekan Oluwatunase, Verner N Orish, Afeez Abolarinwa Salami, Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang, Edosa Geta Tesfaye Gta, Aniefiok John Udoakang, Abate Dargie Wubetu, Mathilde J Sengoelge
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Published: BMJ Publishing Group 2025-04-01
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Online Access:https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/15/4/e083070.full
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author Dan J Stein
Berihun Assefa Dachew
Manasi Kumar
Shafiu Mohammed
Andrew T Olagunju
Jennifer Rickard
Deborah Oyine Aluh
Muktar Beshir Ahmed
Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi
Oluwafemi Atanda Adeagbo
Soraya Seedat
Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye
Onome Bright Oghenetega
Kedir Hussein Abegaz
Lucie Laflamme
Mathilde Sengoelge
Michael Ekholuenetale
Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe
Richard Gyan Aboagye
Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat
Mustapha Immurana
Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi
Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa
Hubert Amu
Robert Kokou Dowou
Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie
Gebisa Guyasa Kabito
Sergio Nhassengo
Malizgani Paul Chavula
Yonatan Solomon
Mesfin Gebrehiwot
Ahmed Nuru Muhamed
Amadou Barrow
Mesfin Abebe
Temesgen Mohammed Toma
Osaretin Christabel Okonji
Sergio Keita Nhassengo
Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate
Olumide Abiodun
Kenneth Setorwu Adde
Abiola Victor Adepoju
Timothy Olukunle Aladelusi
Idowu Thomas Aruleba
Getnet Melaku Ayele
Hameed Akande Bashiru
Berecha Hundessa Demessa
Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu
Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo
Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka
Miglas Welay Gebregergis
Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel
Urge Gerema
Ebisa Zerihun Gindaba
Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile
Demisu Zenbaba Heyi
Chidozie Declan Iwu
Assefa N Iyasu
Rebuma Sorsa Jeben
Alelign Tasew Jema
Charity Ehimwenma Joshua
Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi
Molla Asnake Kebede
Emmanuel Manu
Tesfahun Mekene Meto
Mathewos M Mekonnen
Hadush Negash Meles
Tadesse Misgana
Mustapha Mohammed
Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam
Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa
Gideon Olamilekan Oluwatunase
Verner N Orish
Afeez Abolarinwa Salami
Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang
Edosa Geta Tesfaye Gta
Aniefiok John Udoakang
Abate Dargie Wubetu
Mathilde J Sengoelge
author_facet Dan J Stein
Berihun Assefa Dachew
Manasi Kumar
Shafiu Mohammed
Andrew T Olagunju
Jennifer Rickard
Deborah Oyine Aluh
Muktar Beshir Ahmed
Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi
Oluwafemi Atanda Adeagbo
Soraya Seedat
Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye
Onome Bright Oghenetega
Kedir Hussein Abegaz
Lucie Laflamme
Mathilde Sengoelge
Michael Ekholuenetale
Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe
Richard Gyan Aboagye
Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat
Mustapha Immurana
Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi
Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa
Hubert Amu
Robert Kokou Dowou
Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie
Gebisa Guyasa Kabito
Sergio Nhassengo
Malizgani Paul Chavula
Yonatan Solomon
Mesfin Gebrehiwot
Ahmed Nuru Muhamed
Amadou Barrow
Mesfin Abebe
Temesgen Mohammed Toma
Osaretin Christabel Okonji
Sergio Keita Nhassengo
Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate
Olumide Abiodun
Kenneth Setorwu Adde
Abiola Victor Adepoju
Timothy Olukunle Aladelusi
Idowu Thomas Aruleba
Getnet Melaku Ayele
Hameed Akande Bashiru
Berecha Hundessa Demessa
Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu
Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo
Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka
Miglas Welay Gebregergis
Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel
Urge Gerema
Ebisa Zerihun Gindaba
Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile
Demisu Zenbaba Heyi
Chidozie Declan Iwu
Assefa N Iyasu
Rebuma Sorsa Jeben
Alelign Tasew Jema
Charity Ehimwenma Joshua
Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi
Molla Asnake Kebede
Emmanuel Manu
Tesfahun Mekene Meto
Mathewos M Mekonnen
Hadush Negash Meles
Tadesse Misgana
Mustapha Mohammed
Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam
Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa
Gideon Olamilekan Oluwatunase
Verner N Orish
Afeez Abolarinwa Salami
Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang
Edosa Geta Tesfaye Gta
Aniefiok John Udoakang
Abate Dargie Wubetu
Mathilde J Sengoelge
author_sort Dan J Stein
collection DOAJ
description Objectives To analyse the past 30-year trends in mortality and morbidity of interpersonal violence against children, its demographic distribution and correlation with specific risk factors.Design Ecological study at the country and regional level.Setting 46 countries and 4 subregions of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): Central, Eastern, Southern and Western.Participants Children aged 0–19 years old.Primary and secondary outcome measures Trends in mortality rates and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributed to interpersonal violence injuries in children; correlation between socio-demographic index (SDI)/alcohol consumption per capita and child interpersonal violence.Results Deaths and DALYs per 100 000 population from child violence-related injuries in SSA declined from 4.0 (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 3.3–4.9) to 3.1 (95% UI: 2.3 to 3.9) and 334.9 (95% UI: 276.4 to 407.7) to 260.3 (95% UI: 197.9 to 321.9) respectively from 1990 to 2019 (reductions of 22.5% and 22.3%). Southern SSA had the highest deaths/DALYs rates for each type of physical violence (sharp object/firearm/other) and Central SSA for sexual violence. Alcohol consumption correlated significantly with deaths and DALYs, but SDI showed a non-significant correlation.Conclusions Rates of child interpersonal violence deaths and DALYs decreased from 2009 to 2019 in SSA, driven by remarkable decreases in the Southern subregion. Understanding the determinants of these downward trends and implementation of policies targeting known risk factors like alcohol consumption may pave the way for enhanced child safety protection. Further curbing the disparities between countries and subregions necessitates long-term commitment to evidence-based action plans.
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spelling doaj-art-ef9e7e83c8164c87a94fe77de85e97b32025-08-20T02:57:44ZengBMJ Publishing GroupBMJ Open2044-60552025-04-0115410.1136/bmjopen-2023-083070Trends and demographic differences in interpersonal violence against children in sub-Saharan Africa: findings from the 1990–2019 Global Burden of Disease StudyDan J Stein0Berihun Assefa DachewManasi Kumar1Shafiu MohammedAndrew T Olagunju2Jennifer Rickard3Deborah Oyine Aluh4Muktar Beshir Ahmed5Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi6Oluwafemi Atanda Adeagbo7Soraya Seedat8Segun Emmanuel IbitoyeOnome Bright Oghenetega9Kedir Hussein Abegaz10Lucie Laflamme11Mathilde Sengoelge12Michael Ekholuenetale13Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe14Richard Gyan Aboagye15Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat16Mustapha Immurana17Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi18Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa19Hubert Amu20Robert Kokou Dowou21Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie22Gebisa Guyasa Kabito23Sergio Nhassengo24Malizgani Paul Chavula25Yonatan Solomon26Mesfin Gebrehiwot27Ahmed Nuru Muhamed28Amadou Barrow29Mesfin Abebe30Temesgen Mohammed Toma31Osaretin Christabel Okonji32Sergio Keita NhassengoYohannes Habtegiorgis AbateOlumide AbiodunKenneth Setorwu AddeAbiola Victor AdepojuTimothy Olukunle AladelusiIdowu Thomas ArulebaGetnet Melaku AyeleHameed Akande BashiruBerecha Hundessa DemessaIsaac Oluwafemi DipeoluTemitope Cyrus EkundayoAdewale Oluwaseun FadakaMiglas Welay GebregergisTeferi Gebru GebremeskelUrge GeremaEbisa Zerihun GindabaTeklehaimanot Gereziher HaileDemisu Zenbaba HeyiChidozie Declan IwuAssefa N IyasuRebuma Sorsa JebenAlelign Tasew JemaCharity Ehimwenma JoshuaKehinde Kazeem KanmodiMolla Asnake KebedeEmmanuel ManuTesfahun Mekene MetoMathewos M MekonnenHadush Negash MelesTadesse MisganaMustapha MohammedOgochukwu Janet NzoputamIsaac Iyinoluwa OlufadewaGideon Olamilekan OluwatunaseVerner N OrishAfeez Abolarinwa SalamiElvis Enowbeyang TarkangEdosa Geta Tesfaye GtaAniefiok John UdoakangAbate Dargie WubetuMathilde J SengoelgeSAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South AfricaPsychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya108 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada120 Surgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA1 Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, NigeriaDepartment of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia65 Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, NigeriaCommunity and Behavioral Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USASouth Africa PTSD Research Programme of Excellence, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South AfricaReproductive Health Sciences, Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, NigeriaPublic Health, Frontieri Consult Plc, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia5 Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SwedenKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden3 The Women’s Health and Action Research Centre (WHARC), Benin City, NigeriaDivision of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of St Andrews School of Medicine, St Andrews, UKSchool of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaPediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Dilla University College of Health Sciences, Dilla, Ethiopia2 Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, GhanaDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa1 Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South AfricaPopulation and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, GhanaDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Fred N. Binka School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, GhanaDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaEnvironmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, EthiopiaKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SwedenSchool of Public Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, ZambiaDire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, EthiopiaDepartment of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, EthiopiaDepartment of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, SNNPR, EthiopiaSchool of Public Health, Gambia College, Brikama campus, Brikama, West Coast Region, GambiaDepartment of Midwifery, Dilla University College of Health Sciences, Dilla, Ethiopia2 Public Health, Arba Minch College of Health Sciences, Arba Minch, EthiopiaUniversity of the Western Cape, Bellville, South AfricaObjectives To analyse the past 30-year trends in mortality and morbidity of interpersonal violence against children, its demographic distribution and correlation with specific risk factors.Design Ecological study at the country and regional level.Setting 46 countries and 4 subregions of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): Central, Eastern, Southern and Western.Participants Children aged 0–19 years old.Primary and secondary outcome measures Trends in mortality rates and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributed to interpersonal violence injuries in children; correlation between socio-demographic index (SDI)/alcohol consumption per capita and child interpersonal violence.Results Deaths and DALYs per 100 000 population from child violence-related injuries in SSA declined from 4.0 (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 3.3–4.9) to 3.1 (95% UI: 2.3 to 3.9) and 334.9 (95% UI: 276.4 to 407.7) to 260.3 (95% UI: 197.9 to 321.9) respectively from 1990 to 2019 (reductions of 22.5% and 22.3%). Southern SSA had the highest deaths/DALYs rates for each type of physical violence (sharp object/firearm/other) and Central SSA for sexual violence. Alcohol consumption correlated significantly with deaths and DALYs, but SDI showed a non-significant correlation.Conclusions Rates of child interpersonal violence deaths and DALYs decreased from 2009 to 2019 in SSA, driven by remarkable decreases in the Southern subregion. Understanding the determinants of these downward trends and implementation of policies targeting known risk factors like alcohol consumption may pave the way for enhanced child safety protection. Further curbing the disparities between countries and subregions necessitates long-term commitment to evidence-based action plans.https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/15/4/e083070.full
spellingShingle Dan J Stein
Berihun Assefa Dachew
Manasi Kumar
Shafiu Mohammed
Andrew T Olagunju
Jennifer Rickard
Deborah Oyine Aluh
Muktar Beshir Ahmed
Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi
Oluwafemi Atanda Adeagbo
Soraya Seedat
Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye
Onome Bright Oghenetega
Kedir Hussein Abegaz
Lucie Laflamme
Mathilde Sengoelge
Michael Ekholuenetale
Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe
Richard Gyan Aboagye
Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat
Mustapha Immurana
Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi
Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa
Hubert Amu
Robert Kokou Dowou
Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie
Gebisa Guyasa Kabito
Sergio Nhassengo
Malizgani Paul Chavula
Yonatan Solomon
Mesfin Gebrehiwot
Ahmed Nuru Muhamed
Amadou Barrow
Mesfin Abebe
Temesgen Mohammed Toma
Osaretin Christabel Okonji
Sergio Keita Nhassengo
Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate
Olumide Abiodun
Kenneth Setorwu Adde
Abiola Victor Adepoju
Timothy Olukunle Aladelusi
Idowu Thomas Aruleba
Getnet Melaku Ayele
Hameed Akande Bashiru
Berecha Hundessa Demessa
Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu
Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo
Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka
Miglas Welay Gebregergis
Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel
Urge Gerema
Ebisa Zerihun Gindaba
Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile
Demisu Zenbaba Heyi
Chidozie Declan Iwu
Assefa N Iyasu
Rebuma Sorsa Jeben
Alelign Tasew Jema
Charity Ehimwenma Joshua
Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi
Molla Asnake Kebede
Emmanuel Manu
Tesfahun Mekene Meto
Mathewos M Mekonnen
Hadush Negash Meles
Tadesse Misgana
Mustapha Mohammed
Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam
Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa
Gideon Olamilekan Oluwatunase
Verner N Orish
Afeez Abolarinwa Salami
Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang
Edosa Geta Tesfaye Gta
Aniefiok John Udoakang
Abate Dargie Wubetu
Mathilde J Sengoelge
Trends and demographic differences in interpersonal violence against children in sub-Saharan Africa: findings from the 1990–2019 Global Burden of Disease Study
BMJ Open
title Trends and demographic differences in interpersonal violence against children in sub-Saharan Africa: findings from the 1990–2019 Global Burden of Disease Study
title_full Trends and demographic differences in interpersonal violence against children in sub-Saharan Africa: findings from the 1990–2019 Global Burden of Disease Study
title_fullStr Trends and demographic differences in interpersonal violence against children in sub-Saharan Africa: findings from the 1990–2019 Global Burden of Disease Study
title_full_unstemmed Trends and demographic differences in interpersonal violence against children in sub-Saharan Africa: findings from the 1990–2019 Global Burden of Disease Study
title_short Trends and demographic differences in interpersonal violence against children in sub-Saharan Africa: findings from the 1990–2019 Global Burden of Disease Study
title_sort trends and demographic differences in interpersonal violence against children in sub saharan africa findings from the 1990 2019 global burden of disease study
url https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/15/4/e083070.full
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AT demisuzenbabaheyi trendsanddemographicdifferencesininterpersonalviolenceagainstchildreninsubsaharanafricafindingsfromthe19902019globalburdenofdiseasestudy
AT chidoziedeclaniwu trendsanddemographicdifferencesininterpersonalviolenceagainstchildreninsubsaharanafricafindingsfromthe19902019globalburdenofdiseasestudy
AT assefaniyasu trendsanddemographicdifferencesininterpersonalviolenceagainstchildreninsubsaharanafricafindingsfromthe19902019globalburdenofdiseasestudy
AT rebumasorsajeben trendsanddemographicdifferencesininterpersonalviolenceagainstchildreninsubsaharanafricafindingsfromthe19902019globalburdenofdiseasestudy
AT aleligntasewjema trendsanddemographicdifferencesininterpersonalviolenceagainstchildreninsubsaharanafricafindingsfromthe19902019globalburdenofdiseasestudy
AT charityehimwenmajoshua trendsanddemographicdifferencesininterpersonalviolenceagainstchildreninsubsaharanafricafindingsfromthe19902019globalburdenofdiseasestudy
AT kehindekazeemkanmodi trendsanddemographicdifferencesininterpersonalviolenceagainstchildreninsubsaharanafricafindingsfromthe19902019globalburdenofdiseasestudy
AT mollaasnakekebede trendsanddemographicdifferencesininterpersonalviolenceagainstchildreninsubsaharanafricafindingsfromthe19902019globalburdenofdiseasestudy
AT emmanuelmanu trendsanddemographicdifferencesininterpersonalviolenceagainstchildreninsubsaharanafricafindingsfromthe19902019globalburdenofdiseasestudy
AT tesfahunmekenemeto trendsanddemographicdifferencesininterpersonalviolenceagainstchildreninsubsaharanafricafindingsfromthe19902019globalburdenofdiseasestudy
AT mathewosmmekonnen trendsanddemographicdifferencesininterpersonalviolenceagainstchildreninsubsaharanafricafindingsfromthe19902019globalburdenofdiseasestudy
AT hadushnegashmeles trendsanddemographicdifferencesininterpersonalviolenceagainstchildreninsubsaharanafricafindingsfromthe19902019globalburdenofdiseasestudy
AT tadessemisgana trendsanddemographicdifferencesininterpersonalviolenceagainstchildreninsubsaharanafricafindingsfromthe19902019globalburdenofdiseasestudy
AT mustaphamohammed trendsanddemographicdifferencesininterpersonalviolenceagainstchildreninsubsaharanafricafindingsfromthe19902019globalburdenofdiseasestudy
AT ogochukwujanetnzoputam trendsanddemographicdifferencesininterpersonalviolenceagainstchildreninsubsaharanafricafindingsfromthe19902019globalburdenofdiseasestudy
AT isaaciyinoluwaolufadewa trendsanddemographicdifferencesininterpersonalviolenceagainstchildreninsubsaharanafricafindingsfromthe19902019globalburdenofdiseasestudy
AT gideonolamilekanoluwatunase trendsanddemographicdifferencesininterpersonalviolenceagainstchildreninsubsaharanafricafindingsfromthe19902019globalburdenofdiseasestudy
AT vernernorish trendsanddemographicdifferencesininterpersonalviolenceagainstchildreninsubsaharanafricafindingsfromthe19902019globalburdenofdiseasestudy
AT afeezabolarinwasalami trendsanddemographicdifferencesininterpersonalviolenceagainstchildreninsubsaharanafricafindingsfromthe19902019globalburdenofdiseasestudy
AT elvisenowbeyangtarkang trendsanddemographicdifferencesininterpersonalviolenceagainstchildreninsubsaharanafricafindingsfromthe19902019globalburdenofdiseasestudy
AT edosagetatesfayegta trendsanddemographicdifferencesininterpersonalviolenceagainstchildreninsubsaharanafricafindingsfromthe19902019globalburdenofdiseasestudy
AT aniefiokjohnudoakang trendsanddemographicdifferencesininterpersonalviolenceagainstchildreninsubsaharanafricafindingsfromthe19902019globalburdenofdiseasestudy
AT abatedargiewubetu trendsanddemographicdifferencesininterpersonalviolenceagainstchildreninsubsaharanafricafindingsfromthe19902019globalburdenofdiseasestudy
AT mathildejsengoelge trendsanddemographicdifferencesininterpersonalviolenceagainstchildreninsubsaharanafricafindingsfromthe19902019globalburdenofdiseasestudy