Liquid-metal-electrode-assisted electrolysis for the production of sodium and magnesium

Sodium (Na) and magnesium (Mg) are becoming important for making energy-storage batteries and structural materials. Herein, we develop a liquid-metal-electrode-assisted electrolysis route to producing Na and Mg with low-carbon emissions and no chlorine gas evolution. The clean production stems from...

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Main Authors: Lei Guo, Huayi Yin, Wenmiao Li, Shiyu Wang, Kaifa Du, Hao Shi, Xu Wang, Dihua Wang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. 2025-04-01
Series:Journal of Magnesium and Alloys
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213956724000616
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author Lei Guo
Huayi Yin
Wenmiao Li
Shiyu Wang
Kaifa Du
Hao Shi
Xu Wang
Dihua Wang
author_facet Lei Guo
Huayi Yin
Wenmiao Li
Shiyu Wang
Kaifa Du
Hao Shi
Xu Wang
Dihua Wang
author_sort Lei Guo
collection DOAJ
description Sodium (Na) and magnesium (Mg) are becoming important for making energy-storage batteries and structural materials. Herein, we develop a liquid-metal-electrode-assisted electrolysis route to producing Na and Mg with low-carbon emissions and no chlorine gas evolution. The clean production stems from the choice of a molten NaCl-Na2CO3 electrolyte to prevent chlorine gas evolution, an inert nickel-based anode to produce oxygen, and a liquid metal cathode to make the cathodic product sit at the bottom of the electrolytic cell. We achieve a current efficiency of >90% for the electrolytic production of liquid Na-Sn alloy. Later, Mg-Sn alloy is prepared using the obtained Na-Sn alloy to displace Mg from molten NaCl-MgCl2 with a displacement efficiency of >96%. Further, Na and Mg are separated from the electrolytic Na-Sn and displaced Mg-Sn alloys by vacuum distillation with a recovery rate of >92% and Sn can be reused. Using this electrolysis-displacement-distillation (EDD) approach, we prepare Mg from seawater. The CO2 emission of the EDD approach is ∼20.6 kg CO2 per kg Mg, which is less than that of the Australian Magnesium (AM) electrolysis process (∼25.0 kg CO2 per kg Mg) and less than half that of the Pidgeon process (∼45.2 kg CO2 per kg Mg).
format Article
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institution DOAJ
issn 2213-9567
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publishDate 2025-04-01
publisher KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
record_format Article
series Journal of Magnesium and Alloys
spelling doaj-art-ef9e0d4fc7dd44c2ba8b24d4263d38732025-08-20T03:11:52ZengKeAi Communications Co., Ltd.Journal of Magnesium and Alloys2213-95672025-04-011341579159110.1016/j.jma.2024.01.028Liquid-metal-electrode-assisted electrolysis for the production of sodium and magnesiumLei Guo0Huayi Yin1Wenmiao Li2Shiyu Wang3Kaifa Du4Hao Shi5Xu Wang6Dihua Wang7School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, ChinaSchool of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Joint Center of Green Manufacturing of Energy Storage Materials of Wuhan University and Chilwee, Wuhan 430072, China; Corresponding authors at: School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, ChinaSchool of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, ChinaSchool of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, ChinaSchool of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, ChinaSchool of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, ChinaSchool of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Joint Center of Green Manufacturing of Energy Storage Materials of Wuhan University and Chilwee, Wuhan 430072, China; Corresponding authors at: School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.Sodium (Na) and magnesium (Mg) are becoming important for making energy-storage batteries and structural materials. Herein, we develop a liquid-metal-electrode-assisted electrolysis route to producing Na and Mg with low-carbon emissions and no chlorine gas evolution. The clean production stems from the choice of a molten NaCl-Na2CO3 electrolyte to prevent chlorine gas evolution, an inert nickel-based anode to produce oxygen, and a liquid metal cathode to make the cathodic product sit at the bottom of the electrolytic cell. We achieve a current efficiency of >90% for the electrolytic production of liquid Na-Sn alloy. Later, Mg-Sn alloy is prepared using the obtained Na-Sn alloy to displace Mg from molten NaCl-MgCl2 with a displacement efficiency of >96%. Further, Na and Mg are separated from the electrolytic Na-Sn and displaced Mg-Sn alloys by vacuum distillation with a recovery rate of >92% and Sn can be reused. Using this electrolysis-displacement-distillation (EDD) approach, we prepare Mg from seawater. The CO2 emission of the EDD approach is ∼20.6 kg CO2 per kg Mg, which is less than that of the Australian Magnesium (AM) electrolysis process (∼25.0 kg CO2 per kg Mg) and less than half that of the Pidgeon process (∼45.2 kg CO2 per kg Mg).http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213956724000616Molten-salt electrolysisInert anodeLiquid metal electrodesSodiumMagnesium
spellingShingle Lei Guo
Huayi Yin
Wenmiao Li
Shiyu Wang
Kaifa Du
Hao Shi
Xu Wang
Dihua Wang
Liquid-metal-electrode-assisted electrolysis for the production of sodium and magnesium
Journal of Magnesium and Alloys
Molten-salt electrolysis
Inert anode
Liquid metal electrodes
Sodium
Magnesium
title Liquid-metal-electrode-assisted electrolysis for the production of sodium and magnesium
title_full Liquid-metal-electrode-assisted electrolysis for the production of sodium and magnesium
title_fullStr Liquid-metal-electrode-assisted electrolysis for the production of sodium and magnesium
title_full_unstemmed Liquid-metal-electrode-assisted electrolysis for the production of sodium and magnesium
title_short Liquid-metal-electrode-assisted electrolysis for the production of sodium and magnesium
title_sort liquid metal electrode assisted electrolysis for the production of sodium and magnesium
topic Molten-salt electrolysis
Inert anode
Liquid metal electrodes
Sodium
Magnesium
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213956724000616
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AT wenmiaoli liquidmetalelectrodeassistedelectrolysisfortheproductionofsodiumandmagnesium
AT shiyuwang liquidmetalelectrodeassistedelectrolysisfortheproductionofsodiumandmagnesium
AT kaifadu liquidmetalelectrodeassistedelectrolysisfortheproductionofsodiumandmagnesium
AT haoshi liquidmetalelectrodeassistedelectrolysisfortheproductionofsodiumandmagnesium
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