Leadership Styles in Non-Profit Institutions: An Empirical Study for the Validation and Reliability of a Scale in the Latin American Context

There is no doubt that leadership is one of the most researched and disseminated topics in recent years, and over time, some distinguished models have developed a solid foundation and a reputable structure. From this perspective, this study analyzes the evidence of validity and reliability of a scal...

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Main Authors: Javier Enrique Espejo-Pereda, Elizabeth Emperatriz García-Salirrosas, Miluska Villar-Guevara, Israel Fernández-Mallma
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-01-01
Series:Behavioral Sciences
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/15/2/130
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author Javier Enrique Espejo-Pereda
Elizabeth Emperatriz García-Salirrosas
Miluska Villar-Guevara
Israel Fernández-Mallma
author_facet Javier Enrique Espejo-Pereda
Elizabeth Emperatriz García-Salirrosas
Miluska Villar-Guevara
Israel Fernández-Mallma
author_sort Javier Enrique Espejo-Pereda
collection DOAJ
description There is no doubt that leadership is one of the most researched and disseminated topics in recent years, and over time, some distinguished models have developed a solid foundation and a reputable structure. From this perspective, this study analyzes the evidence of validity and reliability of a scale that assesses leadership styles in non-profit institutions. The study had an instrumental design. The sample consisted of 272 workers from nine Latin American countries, aged between 19 and 68 years (M = 34.08 and SD = 8.61), recruited through non-probabilistic sampling. A validity and reliability analysis of the scale confirmed the nine items and three original factors (servant, empowering and shared leadership). The KMO test reached a high level (0.898 > 0.70), and the Bartlett test reached a highly significant level (Sig. = 0.000). The scale also showed good internal consistency (α = 0.918 to 0.956; CR = 0.918 to 0.957; AVE = 0.755 to 0.880). Likewise, for the Confirmatory Factor Analysis, a measurement adjustment was performed, obtaining excellent and acceptable fit indices for Model 2 (CMIN/DF = 1.794; CFI = 0.993; SRMR = 0.023; RMSEA = 0.054; Pclose = 0.369). This study provides a brief and useful tool to measure leadership styles in Latin America, as a scale used specifically for this context would allow for a more accurate and valid assessment. This is crucial for generating effective organizational interventions, fostering the development of authentic leaders, and improving the competitiveness of non-profit institutions.
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spelling doaj-art-ef0a43d979024e54894eaef034b067832025-08-20T02:44:55ZengMDPI AGBehavioral Sciences2076-328X2025-01-0115213010.3390/bs15020130Leadership Styles in Non-Profit Institutions: An Empirical Study for the Validation and Reliability of a Scale in the Latin American ContextJavier Enrique Espejo-Pereda0Elizabeth Emperatriz García-Salirrosas1Miluska Villar-Guevara2Israel Fernández-Mallma3UPG de Ciencias Empresariales, Escuela de Posgrado, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima 15102, PeruFaculty of Management Science, Universidad Autonoma del Peru, Lima 15842, PeruEP de Administración, Facultad de Ciencias Empresariales, Universidad Peruana Unión, Juliaca 21100, PeruEP de Educación, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Educación, Universidad Peruana Unión, Juliaca 21100, PeruThere is no doubt that leadership is one of the most researched and disseminated topics in recent years, and over time, some distinguished models have developed a solid foundation and a reputable structure. From this perspective, this study analyzes the evidence of validity and reliability of a scale that assesses leadership styles in non-profit institutions. The study had an instrumental design. The sample consisted of 272 workers from nine Latin American countries, aged between 19 and 68 years (M = 34.08 and SD = 8.61), recruited through non-probabilistic sampling. A validity and reliability analysis of the scale confirmed the nine items and three original factors (servant, empowering and shared leadership). The KMO test reached a high level (0.898 > 0.70), and the Bartlett test reached a highly significant level (Sig. = 0.000). The scale also showed good internal consistency (α = 0.918 to 0.956; CR = 0.918 to 0.957; AVE = 0.755 to 0.880). Likewise, for the Confirmatory Factor Analysis, a measurement adjustment was performed, obtaining excellent and acceptable fit indices for Model 2 (CMIN/DF = 1.794; CFI = 0.993; SRMR = 0.023; RMSEA = 0.054; Pclose = 0.369). This study provides a brief and useful tool to measure leadership styles in Latin America, as a scale used specifically for this context would allow for a more accurate and valid assessment. This is crucial for generating effective organizational interventions, fostering the development of authentic leaders, and improving the competitiveness of non-profit institutions.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/15/2/130leadership stylespromoting leadershipvalidityreliabilityscalenon-profit
spellingShingle Javier Enrique Espejo-Pereda
Elizabeth Emperatriz García-Salirrosas
Miluska Villar-Guevara
Israel Fernández-Mallma
Leadership Styles in Non-Profit Institutions: An Empirical Study for the Validation and Reliability of a Scale in the Latin American Context
Behavioral Sciences
leadership styles
promoting leadership
validity
reliability
scale
non-profit
title Leadership Styles in Non-Profit Institutions: An Empirical Study for the Validation and Reliability of a Scale in the Latin American Context
title_full Leadership Styles in Non-Profit Institutions: An Empirical Study for the Validation and Reliability of a Scale in the Latin American Context
title_fullStr Leadership Styles in Non-Profit Institutions: An Empirical Study for the Validation and Reliability of a Scale in the Latin American Context
title_full_unstemmed Leadership Styles in Non-Profit Institutions: An Empirical Study for the Validation and Reliability of a Scale in the Latin American Context
title_short Leadership Styles in Non-Profit Institutions: An Empirical Study for the Validation and Reliability of a Scale in the Latin American Context
title_sort leadership styles in non profit institutions an empirical study for the validation and reliability of a scale in the latin american context
topic leadership styles
promoting leadership
validity
reliability
scale
non-profit
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/15/2/130
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