Detection of S1 spike protein in CD16+ monocytes up to 245 days in SARS-CoV-2-negative post-COVID-19 vaccine syndrome (PCVS) individuals
Despite over 13 billion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses administered globally, persistent post-vaccination symptoms, termed post-COVID-19 vaccine syndrome (PCVS), resemble post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Symptoms like cardiac, vascular, and neurological issues often emerge shortly after vaccination...
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| Format: | Article |
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Taylor & Francis Group
2025-12-01
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| Series: | Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/21645515.2025.2494934 |
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| author | Bruce K. Patterson Ram Yogendra Edgar B. Francisco Jose Guevara-Coto Emily Long Amruta Pise Eric Osgood John Bream Mark Kreimer Devon Jeffers Christopher Beaty Richard Vander Heide Rodrigo A. Mora-Rodríguez |
| author_facet | Bruce K. Patterson Ram Yogendra Edgar B. Francisco Jose Guevara-Coto Emily Long Amruta Pise Eric Osgood John Bream Mark Kreimer Devon Jeffers Christopher Beaty Richard Vander Heide Rodrigo A. Mora-Rodríguez |
| author_sort | Bruce K. Patterson |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Despite over 13 billion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses administered globally, persistent post-vaccination symptoms, termed post-COVID-19 vaccine syndrome (PCVS), resemble post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Symptoms like cardiac, vascular, and neurological issues often emerge shortly after vaccination and persist for months to years, mirroring PASC. We previously showed the S1 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein persists in CD16+ monocytes after infection, potentially driving PASC. Approved vaccines (Pfizer, Moderna, Janssen, AstraZeneca) deliver synthetic S1 to elicit immunity, suggesting a shared mechanism. We hypothesized that vaccine-derived S1 persistence in CD16+ monocytes sustains inflammation akin to PASC, contributing to PCVS. We studied 50 individuals with PCVS symptoms lasting over 30 days post-vaccination and 26 asymptomatic controls, using (1) machine learning-based immune profiling to compare cytokine signatures with PASC, (2) flow cytometry to detect S1 in CD16+ monocytes, and (3) LC-MS to confirm S1 across vaccine types. We correlated S1 persistence with symptom duration and inflammation. Prior infection was excluded via clinical history, anti-nucleocapsid antibody tests, and T-detect assays, though definitive tests are lacking. Preliminary findings suggest S1 persistence in CD16+ monocytes and an associated inflammatory profile may contribute to PCVS. Further studies are needed to confirm causality and prevalence. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ef05f861cd454a28b42cfee9a241f41f |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2164-5515 2164-554X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-12-01 |
| publisher | Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics |
| spelling | doaj-art-ef05f861cd454a28b42cfee9a241f41f2025-08-20T02:24:43ZengTaylor & Francis GroupHuman Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics2164-55152164-554X2025-12-0121110.1080/21645515.2025.2494934Detection of S1 spike protein in CD16+ monocytes up to 245 days in SARS-CoV-2-negative post-COVID-19 vaccine syndrome (PCVS) individualsBruce K. Patterson0Ram Yogendra1Edgar B. Francisco2Jose Guevara-Coto3Emily Long4Amruta Pise5Eric Osgood6John Bream7Mark Kreimer8Devon Jeffers9Christopher Beaty10Richard Vander Heide11Rodrigo A. Mora-Rodríguez12Research and Development Department, IncellDx Inc, Hayward, CA, USADepartment of Anesthesiology, Lawrence General Hospital, Lawrence, MA, USAResearch and Development Department, IncellDx Inc, Hayward, CA, USALab of Tumor Chemosensitivity, CIET/DC Lab, Faculty of Microbiology, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa RicaResearch and Development Department, IncellDx Inc, Hayward, CA, USAResearch and Development Department, IncellDx Inc, Hayward, CA, USADepartment of Medicine, St. Francis Medical Center, Trenton, NJ, USADepartment of Emergency Medicine, Novant Health Kernersville Medical Center, Kernersville, NC, USADepartment of Emergency Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, USADepartment of Anesthesiology, Stamford Hospital, Stamford, CT, USAResearch and Development Department, IncellDx Inc, Hayward, CA, USADepartment of Pathology, Marshfield Medical Center, Marshfield, WI, USALab of Tumor Chemosensitivity, CIET/DC Lab, Faculty of Microbiology, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa RicaDespite over 13 billion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses administered globally, persistent post-vaccination symptoms, termed post-COVID-19 vaccine syndrome (PCVS), resemble post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Symptoms like cardiac, vascular, and neurological issues often emerge shortly after vaccination and persist for months to years, mirroring PASC. We previously showed the S1 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein persists in CD16+ monocytes after infection, potentially driving PASC. Approved vaccines (Pfizer, Moderna, Janssen, AstraZeneca) deliver synthetic S1 to elicit immunity, suggesting a shared mechanism. We hypothesized that vaccine-derived S1 persistence in CD16+ monocytes sustains inflammation akin to PASC, contributing to PCVS. We studied 50 individuals with PCVS symptoms lasting over 30 days post-vaccination and 26 asymptomatic controls, using (1) machine learning-based immune profiling to compare cytokine signatures with PASC, (2) flow cytometry to detect S1 in CD16+ monocytes, and (3) LC-MS to confirm S1 across vaccine types. We correlated S1 persistence with symptom duration and inflammation. Prior infection was excluded via clinical history, anti-nucleocapsid antibody tests, and T-detect assays, though definitive tests are lacking. Preliminary findings suggest S1 persistence in CD16+ monocytes and an associated inflammatory profile may contribute to PCVS. Further studies are needed to confirm causality and prevalence.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/21645515.2025.2494934COVID-19PASCSARS CoV-2 S1 proteinnon-classical monocytesCCR5fractalkine |
| spellingShingle | Bruce K. Patterson Ram Yogendra Edgar B. Francisco Jose Guevara-Coto Emily Long Amruta Pise Eric Osgood John Bream Mark Kreimer Devon Jeffers Christopher Beaty Richard Vander Heide Rodrigo A. Mora-Rodríguez Detection of S1 spike protein in CD16+ monocytes up to 245 days in SARS-CoV-2-negative post-COVID-19 vaccine syndrome (PCVS) individuals Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics COVID-19 PASC SARS CoV-2 S1 protein non-classical monocytes CCR5 fractalkine |
| title | Detection of S1 spike protein in CD16+ monocytes up to 245 days in SARS-CoV-2-negative post-COVID-19 vaccine syndrome (PCVS) individuals |
| title_full | Detection of S1 spike protein in CD16+ monocytes up to 245 days in SARS-CoV-2-negative post-COVID-19 vaccine syndrome (PCVS) individuals |
| title_fullStr | Detection of S1 spike protein in CD16+ monocytes up to 245 days in SARS-CoV-2-negative post-COVID-19 vaccine syndrome (PCVS) individuals |
| title_full_unstemmed | Detection of S1 spike protein in CD16+ monocytes up to 245 days in SARS-CoV-2-negative post-COVID-19 vaccine syndrome (PCVS) individuals |
| title_short | Detection of S1 spike protein in CD16+ monocytes up to 245 days in SARS-CoV-2-negative post-COVID-19 vaccine syndrome (PCVS) individuals |
| title_sort | detection of s1 spike protein in cd16 monocytes up to 245 days in sars cov 2 negative post covid 19 vaccine syndrome pcvs individuals |
| topic | COVID-19 PASC SARS CoV-2 S1 protein non-classical monocytes CCR5 fractalkine |
| url | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/21645515.2025.2494934 |
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